renaissance and reformation

Question 1

galileo galilei and his discoveries

Answer 1

inventions: early thermometer and telescope
- observed jupiter’s moon
-found milky way is made of stars
-heavenly bodies of matter exist throughout space

Question 2

Scientific Method

Answer 2

a systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence that was crucial to the evolution of science in the modern world
- created by francis bacon

Question 3

95 Theses

Answer 3

luther wrote arguments and posted them which sparked the reformation

Question 4

anglican

Answer 4

relating to the Church of England

Question 5

pope leo x

Answer 5

former head of catholic church
- that used the sale of indulgences to rebuild a basilica and he - challenged Martin Luther and had him excommunicated

Question 6

Excommunication

Answer 6

Banishment from the church

Question 7

council of trent

Answer 7

A meeting of Roman Catholic leaders was called by Pope Paul III to rule on doctrines criticized by the Protestant reformers.
takeaways:
-reaffirmed the catholic doctrine
-faith/good work is necessary for salvation
-7 sacraments upheld
- can’t sell indulgences
-changes with papacy

Question 8

diet of worms

Answer 8

Assembly of the estates of the empire, called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in Worms, Germany. Luther was ordered to recant but he refused. Charles V declared Luther an outlaw

Question 9

the counter reformation

Answer 9

Catholic Church’s attempt to stop the protestant movement and to strengthen the Catholic Church

Question 10

scientific revolution

Answer 10

a major change in European thought in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs. (went against catholic beliefs of creation)

causes: humanists, technological advancements, math

Question 11

copernicus and universal model

Answer 11

determined universe was heliocentric
- sun being at center of solar system rather than the earth

Question 12

issac newton and the mathematical principle of natural philosophy

Answer 12

FATHER OF PHYSICS
- created universal laws of motion
- produced law of gravitation
-tied together everyone’s ideas

Question 13

emilie du chatelet

Answer 13

SCIENTIST
- published 3 volume work
- translated newtons principia into french; proves she understood and explained his complex mathematics

Question 14

reflecting telescope

Answer 14

A telescope that uses a curved mirror to collect and focus light
-invented by issac newton

Question 15

johannes kepler

Answer 15

-found orbit of planets were elliptical (not perfectly circular)
-confirmed heliocentric model
-had a lot of astronomical data to prove his laws of planetary model

Question 16

martin luther

Answer 16

german monk, theologian, and priest who began the protestant reformation with the publication of the 95 theses

Question 17

protestant

Answer 17

a member or follower of any of the Western Christian churches that are separate from the Roman Catholic Church and follow the principles of the Reformation

Question 18

indulgence

Answer 18

a pardon releasing a person from punishments due for a sin (pay money to remove sins)

Question 19

reformation

Answer 19

religious movement that’s objective was to reform the roman catholic church; which established protestant churches

Question 20

papacy

Answer 20

office or authority of the pope

Question 21

renaissance

Answer 21

“rebirth”; a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome after the dark ages

Question 22

printing press and johann gutenberg

Answer 22

he invented world’s first printing press; which was one of the greatest inventions at the time because it increased how quickly, easily and cheaply new ideas could spread (via written word)

Question 23

humanism

Answer 23

the idea/belief that challened humans to learn and become good at many things; humanities- literature, history, moral philosophy

Question 24

classics

Answer 24

the literature of ancient Greece and Rome

Question 25

patronage

Answer 25

someone who employs artists to create art

Question 26

medici

Answer 26

the wealthiest/most powerful family in italy during the renaissance

Question 27

florence

Answer 27

the medicis ran the city of florence; which the birthplace of the renaissance

Question 28

byzantine empire

Answer 28

Eastern half of the Roman Empire that survived the fall of the Western half; but was weakened by the 4th crusade because they were trading to western europe

Question 29

ottoman empire

Answer 29

islamic empire that conquered the byzantine empire, many christian europeans migrated to italy which helped rebirth because of trade

Question 30

levant

Answer 30

The eastern Mediterranean region from western Greece to western Egypt.

Question 31

northern renaissance

Answer 31

An extension of the Italian Renaissance to the nations Germany, Flanders, France, and England; it took on a more religious nature than the Italian Renaissance

Question 32

st. peter’s basilica

Answer 32

Largest Christian church in the world. Located in the Vatican City in Italy. The dome was created by Michelangelo.

Question 33

leonardo da vinci

Answer 33

italian polymath of the renaissance
- first to believe art was connected to science/nature
-mona lisa

Question 34

michelangelo

Answer 34

An Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect.
- his work demonstrated a blend of psychological insight, physical realism, and intensity
-sistine chapel

Question 35

jan van eyk

Answer 35

Flemish painter who was very important to northern renaissance art and entire renaissance; developed oil-glazing technique