Renaissance/Age of Exploration/Global Trade Flashcards
Old world/New world
The Old world is Europe, Asia, and Africa.
The New world is the Americas
What are the three reasons why exploration became popular and desired?
God, glory, gold
Mother country
The country where your family or you originate from.
Colony
A country or area under the control of another country.
Indigenous
originating naturally from a particular place.
Be familiar with major explorers that we studied
Zheng He - china
Christopher Colombus - italy but sailed for spain
Vasco de Gama - portugal
John Cabot - italy but sailed for england
Bartolomeu Diaz - portugal
Magellan - portugal
Hernan Cortes - spain
Fransisco Pizarro - spain
New Spain
viceroyalty of spain, basically a territory of spain
consisted of Mexico, much of Central America, parts of the West Indies, the southwestern and central United States, Florida, and the Philippines
Incas
people of the inca empire, which was located in the western part of south america.
the empire fell to spanish conquistador francisco pizzaro
Columbian Exchange
swap of Old and New World germs, animals, plants, peoples, and cultures
Examples of goods that flowed between the old and new worlds
Christopher Columbus introduced horses, sugar plants, and disease to the New World, while facilitating the introduction of New World commodities like sugar, tobacco, chocolate, and potatoes to the Old World.
Aztecs
people of the aztec empire, which was located in northern mexico
conquered by hernan cortes
Mercantilism
the economic theory that trade generates wealth and is stimulated by the accumulation of profitable balances, which a government should encourage by means of protectionism.
Balance of Trade
the difference between the value of a country’s exports and the value of a country’s imports for a given period.
Triangle Trade Route
The triangular trade was a system of transatlantic trade in the 16th century between Europe, Africa, and the Americas.
Middle Passage
The Middle Passage itself lasted roughly 80 days on ships ranging from small schooners to massive, purpose-built “slave ships.” Ship crews packed humans together on or below decks without space to sit up or move around. Without ventilation or sufficient water, about 15% grew sick and died.
africa to america
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
The transatlantic slave trade was an oceanic trade in African men, women, and children which lasted from the mid-sixteenth century until the 1860s.
Conquistadors
a conqueror, especially one of the Spanish conquerors of Mexico and Peru in the 16th century.
How did technology affect the Age of Exploration?
Technology helped make exploration easier and more efficient.
How did European countries grow wealthy during this time?
Trade. With trade and exploration, countries were able to grow wealth during this time.
How has the world drastically changed due to the Columbian Exchange?
The world changed drastically because between the old and new world, so many different things were being exchanged. Ideas, diseases, food, and even population. These changes are big ones and that is why the world changed so drastically in a short amount of time.
Why was the Trans-Atlantic Slave trade such an irreversible system once it began?
This system became irreversible once it began because many people started to become very reliant on slaves. Once this thing got started it couldn’t be stopped. In certain places, this trade brought them wealth and opened more doors for opportunities. This was always just a controversial topic that nobody could decide on for many years.
Would the Old and New worlds have been better off not being connected? Why or why not?
In my opinion, I think the Old and New worlds would not have been better off disconnected. Even though the connection did come with a lot of issues, our world would not be the same as it is today without it. There are specific ideas, foods, and diseases that come from certain parts of the world. If there was no connection how would either side of the world have known of them. I also feel like if they hadn’t connected at a time where they were not as advanced yet, it would be more of a surprise when they did connect. Both worlds or just one of them could be very scientifically and emotionally advanced in ways that the other world hasn’t. This would make them extremely overpowered compared to the other world in question.
How did the Age of Exploration change the balance of power across the world?
The age of exploration shifts the balance of power a lot. With colonization, countries were growing powerful with the places that they colonized.
Italian Renaissance
During the 14th century, a cultural movement called humanism began to gain momentum in Italy. Among its many principles, humanism promoted the idea that man was the center of his own universe, and people should embrace human achievements in education, classical arts, literature and science
a period in Italian history covering the 15th and 16th centuries.
What were the causes of the Italian Renaissance?
social: The Italian people, especially the educated middle class, became interested in individual achievement and emphasized life in this world, as opposed to preparation for life in the next world, which was stressed by religion.
economic: Trade and Commerce: The growth of trade routes, especially with the East, brought wealth and new ideas to Europe. Increased trade led to the rise of prosperous city-states, such as Florence, Venice, and Genoa, which became centers of economic activity and patronage of the arts.
geographic: Jutting into the
Mediterranean Sea, and strategically located between the majority of Europe and the Byzantine Empire, Italian cities had almost no choice but to participate in international trade and the market
economy, and to integrate the activities of commerce into daily life. In this way, Italy became exposed to the large-scale flow of both goods and ideas much earlier than most other regions in Europe. Thus, during the later years of the Middle Ages, northern Italy flourished economically and
intellectually.
Why was trade so important?
It allowed the exchange goods and ideas.
Black Death
The most fatal pandemic recorded in human history
occured during the 1300s
Differences in people’s views during the Middle Ages versus the Renaissance i.e what changed?
people started to place more importance on themselves and their life. they became more secular distancing themselves from heavy focus on religion. they also began to question the things around them, instead of believing everything they hear.
Art from Middle Ages versus Renaissance
The art in the Middle Ages was focused on religion and was flat. There wasn’t much technique in these artworks
The art in the Renaissance wasn’t focused on religion but was more focused on people. These artworks explored more and different techniques. The colors were more bright.
Medici Family
a prestigious Italian banking family and political dynasty who held great power in Florence from the 15th to the 18th century.
Patronage
the support given by a patron.
Secularism
the separation of religion from civil affairs and the state
Classcism
the following of ancient Greek or Roman principles and style in art and literature, generally associated with harmony, restraint, and adherence to recognized standards of form and craftsmanship, especially from the Renaissance to the 18th century.
City-states
a region that is independently ruled by a major city. Italy wasn’t one unified country, but a number of small independent city-states. Some of these cities were run by elected leaders and others by ruling families.
Aspects of Renaissance art (realism, perspective, naturalism)
realism - focus on capturing everyday scenes and people in their works. represents the subject matter truthfully
perspective - the art of drawing solid objects on a two-dimensional surface so as to give the right impression.
naturalism - a type of art that pays attention to very accurate and precise details, and portrays things as they are.
*realism = people, naturalism = nature
Sistine Chapel
extensive collection of Renaissance art that has been painted by some of the world’s most famous artists.
“School of Athens”
The School of Athens represents all the greatest mathematicians, philosophers and scientists from classical antiquity gathered together sharing their ideas and learning from each other.
famous painting painted by Raphael.
Martin Luther
began the Protestant Reformation with the publication of his Ninety-Five Theses. he criticized the church for their selling of indulgences, and was the face of the protestant reformation
Monk
a member of a religious community of men typically living under vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience.
Johannes Gutenberg
designed and built the printing press, he then used it to write the Gutenburg Bible.
Printing Press
this invention helped spread knowledge and ideas to those who previously didn’t have access to it. the ideas it spread had immense power.
Protestant Reformation
a religious reform movement that swept through Europe in the 1500s.
Indulgence
An indulgence was the remission of the temporal penalty due to forgiven sin; basically paying to be forgiven by God.
Salvation
deliverance from sin.
Protestantism
the faith and practice of the protestants. againsts the catholic church.
Heresy
opinion profoundly at odds with what is generally accepted.
Outcomes of the Protestant Reformation
freedom of religion, freedom of conscience, the dignity of the individual, and political democracy.
