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Medicine through time > Renaissance > Flashcards

Renaissance Flashcards

1
Q

What reduced the influence of the Catholic church in medicine?

A

Protestant Christianity spread to Britain in the 16th century, and therefore the Catholic Church no longer had so much control over medical teaching (dissections take place, Galen challenged)

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2
Q

what did Vesalius believe about surgery?

A

successful surgery could only be acheived if doctors had a proper understanding of anatomy

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3
Q

Why else (apart from a decrease in Church’s influence) were people in renaissance more focused on direct observation and experientation?

A

many books found from classical Greek and Roman times said anatomy and dissections were important - encouraged people to do own dissections and come to their own conclusions about disease

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4
Q

When was Fabric of Human body written? (by who?

A

1543 (Vesalius)

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5
Q

give two examples of one of Galen’s mistakes corrected by Vesalius?

A

no holes in septum of heart

jawbone made of two separate bones, not one

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6
Q

How did Vesalius correcting some of Galen’s mistakes influence other doctors?

A

doctors realised there was more to discover about the body due to Vesalius’ questioning attitude

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7
Q

At first Pare’s ideas were resisted by doctors as they didn’t trust a lowly surgeon. How did Pares ideas become more supported?

A

Pare became surgeon to King of France - with the King’s support he began to be accepted

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8
Q

Why did peope in Renaissance use both old and new treatments (link to development of printing press)

A

many people couldn’t read or write/ couldn’t afford the books. Because of this, ideas were only shared within a small part of society and so many treatments from Middle ages remained

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9
Q

Who did people visit for the ‘King’s touch’?

A

King Charles 1

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10
Q

what was quakery?

A

medicines that didn’t work and often did more harm than good

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11
Q

who were quacks?

A

sold quakery medicine at fairs and markets

had no medical knowledge

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12
Q

How was quackery attempted to be stopped?

A

from 1600, College of Physicians started to license doctors

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13
Q

when did Great Plague strike London?

A

1665

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14
Q

when was College of Physicians set up?

A

1518

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15
Q

What was the College of the Physicians later called?

A

Royal college of Physicians

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16
Q

What happened to doctors who trained at the College of Physicians?

A

gained a licence - separated them from the numbers of quack doctors

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17
Q

What was the College of the Physicians?

A

School for doctors to train - they read books by Galen and studied recent medical developments

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18
Q

Name 2 drugs brought back to England during Renaissance?

A

guaiacum

quinine

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19
Q

what was the drug guaiacum used for?

A

believed to cure syphillis

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20
Q

what was the drug quinine used for?

A

a drug for malaria from the bark of Cinchona

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21
Q

In what period did dissections become a key part of medical training?

A

renaissance - 1700’s

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22
Q

When was the London College of Surgeons created?

A

1800

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23
Q

what was London College of Surgeons later called?

A

Royal College of Surgeons

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24
Q

how did London/Royal College of Surgeons contribute to medicine?

A

set training standards for surgeons for the first time

25
Q

How many dissections was Hunter present at over how many years?

A

2000 dissections over 12 years

26
Q

What did Hunter do to a man’s leg in 1785?

A

introduced a new way to treat aneurysm (builge in blood vessel)
tied off blood vessel to encourage blood to flow through other vessels in the leg and prevent it from being amputated

27
Q

what is a long-term importance of John Hunter?

A

Pupils included famous doctors like Edward Jenner

This allowed his methods an ideas to be passed on, improving the way people conducted scientific research as a whole

28
Q

In what years’ did Henry VIII close down Britain’s monasteries?

A

in the 1530’s

29
Q

what was it called when Henry VIII closed down many of Britain’s monasteries?

A

‘dissolution of the monasteries’

30
Q

how did the closure of monasteries impact medicine?

A

most hospitals had been set up and rub by monasteries, this also led to the closure of many hospitals - only few left until 18th century

31
Q

From early 18th century, many charity hopsitals opened. Name 3.

A

Middlesex Infirmary
London Hospital
Guy’s hospital

32
Q

what kind of hospitals developed in the 19th century?

A

Some hospitals were founded alongside medical schools and universities

33
Q

Name 3 hospitals in the 19th century founded alongside medical schools or unis?

A

King’s College Hospital
University College Hospital
Charine Cross Hospital

34
Q

In 19th century some hospitals were founded alonside medical schools or universities. What were they used for?

A

training schools for doctors

for conducting scientific research

35
Q

What were Cottage hospitals?

A

run by GP’s which opened in 1860’s

provided care for people in rural areas

36
Q

Who were the ‘deserving poor’ ?

A

poor people who led hardworking, respectable lives. These people had a greater chance of being admitted into hospital

37
Q

What were dispensaries?

A

A type of hospital providing free, non-residential care to poor people. Services from dentists and midwives were given without charge

38
Q

Where were most poor people treated?

A

in workhouses where poor people would go to if they could no longer look after themselves (due to unemployment, illness, old age)

39
Q

In what year did Florence Nightingale study to become a nurse?

A

1849

40
Q

Who asked Florence Nightingale to sort out nursing care during the Crimean War?

A

Sidney Herbert

41
Q

In which hospital was Florence Nightingale asked to sort out nursing care during the Crimean War?

A

Barrack hospital in Scutari

42
Q

How many nurses did Florence Nightingale take with her?

A

38 (hand-picked)

43
Q

What did Nightingale do? (3)

A

Ensured all wards were clean and hygienic
water supplies adequate
patients fed properly

44
Q

What was the death rate at the Barrack Hospital in Scutari before Nightingale arrived?

A

42%

45
Q

What was the death rate after Florence NIghtingale had been to sort out nursing care?

A

2% (dropped by 40%)

46
Q

When did Nightingale publish her book ‘Notes on Nursing’?

A

1859

47
Q

What was Nightingale’s book called (published in 1859)

A

Notes on Nursing

48
Q

what did Nightingale’s book contain?

A

emphasised need for hygiene and a professional attitude

49
Q

How much did the public raise to help Nightingale train nurses?

A

£44,000

50
Q

What was the school she set up called, and where?

A

Nightingale School of Nursing, in St. Thomas Hospital (London)

51
Q

How many years of training were nurses at Nightingale School of Nursing before they could qualify?

A

3 years of training

52
Q

in 1751, how many people died of Smallpox in London?

A

3500

53
Q

Jenner tested his smallpox theory in what year?

A

1796

54
Q

In what year did Jenner publish his findings?

A

1798

55
Q

name of boy Jenner injected and milkmaid he took cowpox pus from?

A 
boy = James Phipps
milkmaid = Sarah Nelmes
56
Q

When did Smallpox vaccination become compulsory?

A

1852

57
Q

In what year did Parliament fund £10,000 to open a vaccination clinic?

A

1802

58
Q

How much did Parliament pay Jenner and to open what?

A

£10,000 to open a vaccination clinic

59
Q

in what year was vaccination for smallpox made free for infants?

A

1840

Medicine through time (3 decks)

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