Removal Illustration Flashcards
Osmoregulation of freshwater fish
Illustration Description: Draw a freshwater fish with arrows indicating the movement of water and salts. Show water entering the fish through osmosis and the fish actively absorbing salts through the gills. Also, illustrate the fish excreting large amounts of dilute urine.
Explanation: Freshwater fish live in a hypotonic environment where the water concentration outside their bodies is higher than inside. To regulate this, they take up salts through their gills and excrete excess water through their kidneys by producing large amounts of dilute urine.
Relationship of temperature, salinity, and density in the ocean at the equator
Illustration Description: Create a vertical profile of the ocean at the equator showing temperature, salinity, and density gradients. Indicate how temperature decreases with depth, salinity might slightly increase, and density increases with depth due to both factors.
Explanation: At the equator, surface waters are warm and less dense. As depth increases, the temperature drops, leading to increased water density. Salinity may also increase slightly with depth due to the mixing of different water masses, contributing further to increased density.
How vegetation affects understory microclimates
Illustration Description: Draw a forest cross-section showing tall trees with a shaded understory. Show how sunlight is blocked, reducing temperature and increasing humidity in the understory compared to the open area.
Explanation: Vegetation, especially in forests, creates a microclimate in the understory by blocking sunlight, reducing temperature, and increasing humidity. This microclimate affects the types of plants and animals that can live there, promoting biodiversity.
Factors and processes in soil formation
Illustration Description: Diagram showing parent material breaking down into soil, influenced by climate, organisms, topography, and time. Include arrows indicating processes like weathering, organic matter decomposition, and soil horizon formation.
Explanation: Soil formation is influenced by the parent material, climate (temperature and precipitation), living organisms (plants, animals, microbes), topography (landscape position), and time. These factors interact to create soil profiles with distinct horizons.
The association between Body temperature and metabolic rate in animals
Illustration Description: Graph showing the relationship between body temperature (x-axis) and metabolic rate (y-axis) for ectothermic and endothermic animals. For ectotherms, metabolic rate increases with temperature; for endotherms, show a thermoneutral zone where the metabolic rate is constant.
Explanation: Ectothermic animals have metabolic rates that increase with ambient temperature, while endothermic animals maintain a constant metabolic rate within a thermoneutral zone. Outside this zone, endotherms increase their metabolic rate to maintain body temperature.
Types of Distributions
Illustration Description: Show three types of species distributions: clumped, uniform, and random.
Explanation: Clumped distribution occurs where resources are unevenly distributed; uniform distribution results from territorial behavior; random distribution happens in the absence of strong attractions or repulsions among individuals.
Types of Growth patterns
Illustration Description: Draw graphs for exponential (J-shaped curve) and logistic growth (S-shaped curve).
Explanation: Exponential growth occurs in ideal, unlimited environments; logistic growth considers environmental resistance, showing population growth that slows as it approaches carrying capacity.
C3, C4, and CAM
Illustration Description: Diagram showing the different pathways for carbon fixation in C3, C4, and CAM plants.
Explanation: C3 plants fix CO2 directly in the Calvin cycle; C4 plants fix CO2 into a four-carbon compound in mesophyll cells and then transfer it to bundle-sheath cells; CAM plants fix CO2 at night, storing it as malate for use during the day.
Types of Natural Selection
Illustration Description: Graphs illustrating stabilizing, directional, and disruptive selection.
Explanation: Stabilizing selection favors average traits; directional selection favors one extreme trait; disruptive selection favors both extremes over the average trait.
Results and Conditions of the Lotka-Volterra model for interspecies competition
Illustration Description: Graphs showing different outcomes (competitive exclusion, coexistence) based on species’ isoclines.
Explanation: The Lotka-Volterra model predicts outcomes of interspecific competition based on species’ growth rates and carrying capacities. Depending on the relative positions of the isoclines, one species may outcompete the other, or they may coexist.
The three models of succession
Illustration Description: Diagrams representing the facilitation, inhibition, and tolerance models of succession.
Explanation: The facilitation model suggests early species modify the environment, making it suitable for later species; the inhibition model posits that early species prevent the establishment of later species; the tolerance model indicates that species neither help nor hinder others, but those that tolerate conditions best dominate.
The effect of disturbance and time on an ecosystem components
Illustration Description: Graph showing how species diversity and biomass change over time with varying levels of disturbance.
Explanation: Moderate disturbance can enhance species diversity by preventing competitive exclusion (Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis). Over time, ecosystems recover from disturbances, with early stages dominated by pioneer species and later stages by more competitive species.
Lignin content of detritus and Decomposition Rate
Explanation: Lignin is a complex organic polymer found in plant cell walls, particularly in wood and bark, that is resistant to decay. High lignin content in detritus (dead organic matter) slows down decomposition rates because it is difficult for decomposers like fungi and bacteria to break down lignin.
Illustration: Show a bar graph with lignin content on the x-axis (ranging from low to high) and decomposition rate on the y-axis (ranging from slow to fast). The graph should indicate an inverse relationship, with high lignin content corresponding to a slower decomposition rate.
Net Primary Production and Ocean Depth
Explanation: Net primary production (NPP) in the ocean is highest near the surface where sunlight penetrates, allowing photosynthesis. As depth increases, light availability decreases, leading to a sharp decline in NPP.
Illustration: Draw a vertical cross-section of the ocean, showing depth on the y-axis and NPP on the x-axis. Illustrate high NPP near the surface (photic zone) that quickly drops off as depth increases, transitioning into very low NPP in the aphotic zone.
Primary Productivity and Diversity
Explanation: In many ecosystems, primary productivity is positively correlated with species diversity. Higher productivity often supports a greater variety of species by providing more resources and niches.
Illustration: Depict a scatter plot with primary productivity on the x-axis and species diversity on the y-axis. The plot should show a positive correlation, with points forming an upward trend line.
