MIDTERM ECOLEC Flashcards
What isco-evolution and the life-dinner principle?
Predator runs for the dinner; Prey runs for its life.
Mechanisms of Evolution
- Natural Selection
- Gene Flow
- Sexual Selection
NGS
What can be a mechanism to evolution? and what are possible examples?
- Predation can be a mechanism for evolution. Possible examples are Camouflage, Directional, Stabilizer
Display their potential, specifically they are poisonous to their predator. (intensely colorful like nudibranchs)
Aposematism/ Aposematic Display
Tries to startle predator by their structure (like insects/moths)
Deimatic Coloration Display
A method of camouflage in which an animal’s coloration is darker on the top or upper side and lighter on the underside. (Like sharks)
Countershading Display
Noxious animals converge to form same traits and characteristics.
Mullerian Mimicry (Like different species of butterfly that are similar to color, dots, bodies, & wings/ noxious animals converge)
When a species mimics the warning signals of another species without having the characteristics that make it undesirable to their shared predator.
Batesian Mimicry (Like a prey butterfly mimicking the colors of a venomous butterfly/ prey acts as distasteful/poisonous)
Co-evolution of both predator and prey
Co evolution and Red queen hypothesis
An evolutionary theory that states that species must constantly adapt, evolve, and proliferate in order to maintain their relative fitness in a competitive environment.
Red Queen Hypothesis
A series of actions that predators take to hunt for food and it includes searching, chasing, catching, processing, and ingesting.
Foraging behavior
Why you choose to stay on one place when you can go to another.
Patch Size
How important your prey item is/ value of resources.
Utility Function
Predicts that predators which face starvation if there is a temporary shortfall in their food supply should choose feeding sites on the basis of variation in as well as mean expected reward rate.
Risk Sensitive Foraging (Theory)
Two types of energy source
Chemicals and Light
What is under chemicals and light?
Chemicals- Chemotrophy (chemoorganotrophs)
Light- Phototrophy
Two things under electron source
Organotroph, Lithotroph
Bacteria and Archaea- heterotrophic, photosynthetic, chemosynthetic are all under what?
Prokaryotes
Produced by producers and consumers, used by decomposers to convert into inorganic nutrients
Detritus
PAR
Photosynthetically Active Radiation
Provide radiation for shade tolerant organisms
Sunflecks
Pigment found in algae
Phycobilin
Acts as oxidants to prevent plants from overheating. It also captures excessive light
Carotenoids
Co2 linked w/ carbon skeleton (from calvin cycle)
Carboxylation
Carbohydrates is formed, plus NADPH (reduce ATP) (From calvin cycle)
Reduction
RBuP re-formed. (From calvin cycle)
Regeneration
Requires continued operation of the calvin cycle.
C2 oxidative photosynthetic carbon cycle.
Is the reduction of water loss by transpiration, achieved by the stomatal opening during the night.
Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM)
Equal rate of photosynthesis and respiration
Compensation Points
Part in plants where respiration happens
Mitochondria
Collection of bacteroid surrounded by 2 membrane originating from the plant
Symbiosome
Nutrifying bacteria, common chemoautotrophs living in soils and aquatic environments
Nitrosomonas sp.
Form of a trait at one end of a range of variation is adapted.
Directional Selection
Two things under Risk Sensitive foraging
Hunger state, Value (utility)
1 F, 2 M
Polygyny
1 M, 2 F
Polyandry
2 F, 2 M
Polygynandry
Microgamete, sperm
Male
Macrogamete, fenal
Female
A form of sexual reproduction that involves gametes of the same morphology (indistinguishable in shape and size), and is found in most unicellular eukaryotes
Isogamous Species
A form of sexual reproduction wherein males and females produce sex cells, or gametes, of different sizes
Anisogamous species (2 distinct sizes)
Can choose mate by true will
Intersexual Sexual Selection
Competing with the same sex; winner is the male
Intrasexual Sexual Relation
A communal area where two or more male animals of the same species gather to perform courtship displays and compete for the attention of females
Lek (aggregation of males seeking to attract mate)
Family relationship reciprocal altruism- doing good things to others expecting others will do it back to you.
Kin
Two things under fitness (Ex. Ant colony)
Direct individual reproduction, and Indirect added fitness gained from helping relatives
Animal’s reproductive output (direct) plus added reproductive gained by relatives due to aid giving by the first animal (indirect)
Inclusive
The tendency of an animal to remain in or return to the area of its birth/ area of breeding
Philopatry
Male group together to find a mate
Coallition
One in which animals group together but are motivated by their own interests
Selfish herd
Selection Graph (Three graphs)
Stabilizing selection, (^) Disruptive Selection(^M), Directional Selection(^^)
Social Groupings (5)
- Kin’s Selection
- Group Selection
- Reciprocal Altruism
- Selfish Teamwork
- Stolen/manipulate
Lives in colonies with overlapping generations in which the mother plays the reproductive role, and offspring the worker
Eusocial Sp.
Diplodiploid animals
Female and male are diploid and each has two chromosomes
Haplodiploid animals
One gender is haploid, and the other one is diploid
3 Things under Calvin Cycle
-Carboxylation
-Reduction
-Regeneration
Three things under display
-Aposematism
-Coloration deimatic display
-Countershading
