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Boards: Other Topics (Endocrine, CPR, Euthanasia, etc) > Remote Capture > Flashcards

Remote Capture Flashcards

1
Q

Considerations for Field Anesthesia with Weather

A

Timing chosen for appropriate time of year when hazards minimized

ex: Ungulates may be captured in late winter
* Decreased risk of hyperthermia
* Snow helps with tracking

Snow and rain–> hypothermia, esp if wind (convective heat)

Summer months: plan for cooler hours of day

Safe helicopter generally not possible in high winds or foggy conditions

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2
Q

Hypoxemia in Wildlife Ax

A

common complication of wildlife anesthesia (particularly with ruminants)

Oxygen = fundamental supportive care during field anesthesia
* Aluminum E, D cylinder + sturdy regulator, flowmeter
* Portable oxygen concentrators

Nasal insufflation often adequate to resolve hypoxemia

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3
Q

Emergency Kit for Wildlife Field Anesthesia

A

Basic kit: epinephrine, atropine, lidocaine, reversal agent

Lac Repair Kit

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4
Q

Environmental Hazards

A

Beware of surrounding environment: other animals may approach
 Esp true/important with social carnivores, bears
 Need to have a lookout posted to protect the team
Firearm back up with more dangerous species

All capture team members should receive firearm safety training
* Similar training advisable for people using dart
* Rifles or pistols; pepper spray = alternative as a non-lethal firearm

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5
Q

Basic Safety Features of High Potency Opioids

A

Carfentanil, etorphine, thiafentanil = risk of lethal toxicity in people

Use protective clothing (disposable gloves and face shields when using)

Pharmacological antagonist available to treat human exposure

Everyone on team trained in human first aid
 Equipment available to provide respiratory and airway support

Wildlife anesthesia: NEVER be performed by a single person
* Minimum two people available when potent drugs being used/handled, esp during dart loading

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6
Q

Helicopter Capture Techniques

A

significant hazard, requires very skilled pilot for wildlife capture

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7
Q

Communication with Local Officials

A

Advised to meet with local medical personal prior to capture to discuss evacuation and treatment plan in case of inadvertent human exposure

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8
Q

Injuries Assoc with Dart Placement

A

dart impact trauma

high-velocity injection of dart contents

inaccurate dart placement

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9
Q

Dart Impact Trauma

A

dispersion of energy on dart impact
o Impact kinetic energy = 1/2M x V2 where M = mass of dart, V = velocity
o Use lowest velocity provides accurate trajectory at a given distance

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10
Q

Inaccurate dart placement

A

Abdominal, thoracic, or other vital structures of head, neck

Aim for well-muscles area away from viscera

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11
Q

High-velocity injection of dart contents

A

systems that expel drug via explosive charge disrupt tissue, produce trauma
o Used only on large, well-muscled animals
o Minimize volume of injectate to decrease tissue trauma (<3mL)

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12
Q

Two Mechanisms of Dart Discharge

A
  1. Explosive Discharge
  2. Air Activated
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13
Q

Explosive discharge mechanisms

A

Reserved for large, well-muscled animals

Darts = aluminum or plastic body, small explosive cap between plunger, tail

On impact, firing pin inside cap forced forward against resistance of spring –> detonation, expanding gas pushes plunger forward

Short duration of injection (0.001 s)

Needle should be barbed so stays in animal during injection

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14
Q

Air Activated Discharge Mechanisms

A

Aluminum or plastic body into which compressed air introduced through one way valve in tail piece

On impact, silicone seal is displaced exposing a port on side of needle –> plunger pushed forward by air pressure

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15
Q

Opioids in Capture

A

particularly effective in ungulates, produce analgesia and sedation

Lack muscle relaxation, often cause excitement - hyperthermia, exhaustion, lost animals, death, regurgitation

Can be used alone or with a neuroleptic agent

Predictable, relatively fast, can be reversed

Other AEs: hypoxemia, severe resp depression

Risk of renarcanization

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16
Q

Carfentanil

A

Particularly useful in ungulates, also used in large carnivores

Advantages: high potency, rapid onset, reliability, reversal with appropriate antagonist

Muscle rigidity when used alone

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17
Q

Disadvantages of Carfentanil

A

Moose: increased chance of aspiration pneumonia

Long effect: should be antagonized
o If antagonists has shorter half life, re-narcotization

Respiratory depression, hypoxemia, hypertension, CNS excitation

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18
Q

Reversal of Carfentanil

A

Reverse with naltrexone
* Naloxone, diprenorphine, nalmefene  re-narcotization

100mg naltrexone:1mg carfentanil

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19
Q

Etorphine

A

Particularly effective in ungulates, rhino, and elephants

3000-6000x more potent than morphine

Used alone or in combo with a suitable neuroleptic agent

Underdosing = excitement; optimum dose, first effect 3-8 min post IM
* Full effect 20-30 min

Slow recovery (up to 7-8 hr) without antagonist
* Antagonist IV 1-3min, IM = 5-10 min

Most serious adverse effect = respiratory depression

Other SEs: normal opioid things

Reversal: diprenorphine

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20
Q

Thiafentnail

A

rapid induction, greater therapeutic index, shorter half-life, lower incidence of renarcotization, less respiratory and cardiac depression vs etorphine, carfentnail

Only commercially avail in South Africa

3000-6000x more potent than morph

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20
Q

Thiafentnail

A

rapid induction, greater therapeutic index, shorter half-life, lower incidence of renarcotization, less respiratory and cardiac depression vs etorphine, carfentnail

Only commercially avail in South Africa

Reversal: naltrexone 30-50mg:1mg TF

Used alone or in combo with a2 +/- ketamine

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21
Q

Butorphanol

A

Combination with etorphine = improved ventilatory function

Commercially available at 30, 50 mg/ml: high concentration formulations greatly increase utilization for remote delivery

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22
Q

Naltrexone

A

most versatile, lowest chance of narcotization

Rapid antagonism of mu-opioid receptor antagonism

Reliable antagonism of longer-acting opioids (carfentanil), IM or IV
* Dose of 100 mg:1 mg of carfentanil
* 10-30 mg of naltrexone: 1 mg thiafentanil

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23
Q

Drug Choices in Human Overdoses

A

Naloxone, naltrexone

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24
Q

Naloxone

A

Pure narcotic antagonist, may reverse all opioids listed above

Reverse in 1-3 min IV

Short half life, renarcotization seen with carfentail

Dose given to elk of 2 ucg for every 1 ucg of carfentanil given

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25
Q

Diprenorphine

A

Antagonist used to reverse etorphine, agonistic properties on own
* Acts as antagonist when given after etorphine

Rapid reversal

Adverse effects = rare
* Overdosing: continued immobilization DT partial agonist activity

Human accidently gets etorphine, no diprenorphine (DT agonist effects)

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26
Q

Cyclohexamines

A

Adverse effects: hyperthermia, excessive salivation, catecholamine release, convulsions

Act fast, relatively wide margin of safety, cardiorespiratory depression only moderate
 Laryngeal function somewhat preserved

Combined with a benzo or alpha-2 agonist= additive or synergistic

Particularly effective in carnivores, primates, birds; no known antagonist

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27
Q

Ketamine in Wildlife

A

Never used as a sole immobilizing agent, co-administer with tranquilizer-sedative

Optimum dose, first effects = 2-5 min post IM, full effects 5-10 min - duration 45min-2hr

Ketamine based combos = unreliable in bears, do not use in vultures

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28
Q

Telazol

A

First effect = 1-2 min, full effects 15-30 min

Onset usually smooth with good muscle relaxation, somatic analgesia

Duration of effect, quality of emergence, duration of recovery vary with species: tiletamine, zolazepam metabolized at different rates

Recovery in 3-8 hours, may be prolonged in some species

If reconstitute with a2 agonist – decrease volume injected, enhance analgesia, decrease recovery times following antagonism of a2 agonist

29
Q

No Telazol in…

A

Tigers, other big cats (debated)

Rough recoveries in ungulates - ruminants, swine

NZWR

30
Q

Alpha 2 Agonists

A

Alone = unreliable immobilization in most species

hypoxia in ungulates, hypertension +/- bradycardia
 Contribute to ruminal tympany, regurgitation in ungulates

Also alters thermoregulation

Very excited animals –> not predictable level of immobilization

31
Q

Xylazine, Detomidine Reverals

A

1 mg of atipamezole : 10 mg xylazine (IM)
5 mg atipamezole : 1 mg detomidine (IM)

32
Q

Medetomidine

A

 Produce sedation, analgesia, and muscle relaxation
 Unreliable alone: medetomidine + low dose ketamine or Telazol
 Antagonism with atipamezole = 3-5x medetomidine dose

33
Q

a2 Reversals

A

Atipamezole = most selective, can be used in all species

Species-dependent differences in response to yohimbine, tolazoline but less with atipamezole
 Yohimbine not particularly effective in wild bovids

IM unless emergency: CNS excitation, tachycardia, hypotension followed by hypertension with IV
—Animals may arouse rapidly without warning following IV
—Potentially dangerous species = may not give you time to escape

34
Q

ACP, Droperidol (neuroleptic agents)

A

-typically paired with opioids (etorphine)
-long-acting tranquilizer to facilitate translocation
-overall stress reduction
-effects = days to weeks

35
Q

Perphanazine enanthate

A

 Slow-onset, long-acting PTZ derivative formulated in sesame oil vehicle
 Onset 12-16 h, effects last up to 10 days

36
Q

Zuclopenthixol acetate

A

Thioxanthene derivative, lasts up to 3-4 days – 1mg/kg IM in most studies

Occasionally, extrapyramidal signs

37
Q

Azaperone

A

 Butyrophenone drug, used as a tranquilizer in pigs
 +/- alpha 2, +/- opioids for ax, immobilization of wild/farmed ungulates
 Pigs = DOA of 6 h

38
Q

Anticipated Drug Needs

A

 Budget for at least 50% more drug than is actually needed
 Help offset drug wasted from lost darts or poor dart placement

39
Q

Dart Loading Once Target Located

A

Metal darts not loaded for >12hr: possible corrosive action of drugs may impair injection mechanism

Preloaded darts with air-activated discharge should not be pressurized; have tendency to lose pressure if armed for extended period

40
Q

How far does the animal need to be for accurate dart delivery?

A

within 30-40m

Animals may be stalked, baited, approached in a vehicle or helicopter, or trapped or snared prior to approach

Trapped animals advantage of limiting movement during capture
* May be more stressful than helicopter capture, esp for bears

41
Q

How long should capture take?

A

2-5min

42
Q

What is the most important determinant of induction time?

A

Dart placement = most important determinant of induction time

43
Q

Location of Dart Placement

A

Facilitate fast drug absorption –> muscle mass of neck, shoulder, or hindquarters must be injected

44
Q

How Dart Placement Changes During Time of Year

A

Brown bears: dart in hindquarter when they emerge from spring dens

In fall due to large fat stores, dart in shoulder or neck

Use hindquarters to spring
Hair falls on neck and shoulders

45
Q

Drug Selection and Movement of Immobilized Wildlife

A

 When a2 used, animals head or limbs should not move prior to approach
 Telazol alone or with narcotics, may be some involuntary movement

46
Q

Carnivore Positioning

A

lateral or sternal

47
Q

Management of Ruminal Tympany

A

in sternal – help prevent tympany
* If problem, rock animal back and forth to stimulate eructation
* Pass tube orally/nasally if needed: may predispose to regurgitation, aspiration
* Tympany severe: finish procedure, antagonize agents
* Alpha2 antagonist will increase ruminal activity to help

48
Q

Timing of Procedures during Wildlife

A

Painful procedures first after initial sedation when in deepest plane of anesthesia

49
Q

Hypoxemia in Wildlife Capture

A

common during wildlife immobilization

Hypoxemia + hyperthermia is very serious
* Increased metabolism, tissue oxygen demand
* Increases risk of inducing exertional myopathy

Supplemental oxygen with pulse oximetry being measured

Tachycardia followed by severe bradycardia (HR <30 bpm) = warning sign that hypoxemia is very severe

50
Q

Temperature Monitoring in Wildlife

A

Ungulates more prone to hyperthermia, especially after long chase

Planning immobilization during cooler periods of day or at cooler times

Temps >40 Degrees C (104 F)= cause for concern

Temp > 41 C = emergency and treated aggressively

51
Q

Other Stimuli in Wildlife Capture

A

Loud noises increase risk of sudden arousal, especially the vocalizations of distressed offspring

Changing positions

Painful stimuli

52
Q

Signs of CNS Depression

A

Spontaneous blinking will reappear

Carnivores often develop chewing and paw movements
* Progresses to head lifting

Xyla-ket or medet-ket immobilization, head lifting or limb movement = animal minimally obtunded and should NOT be approached

53
Q

Recovery and Reversal

A

Reversible drug combination not used: animal should be observed until it can ambulate
 Place in a comfortable position
 Final set of vitals taken

TWO people to administer reversal, typically IM

54
Q

Pulse Monitoring Locations in Wildlife

A

Femoral a

Auricular a

Depends on species

55
Q

Hyperthermia

A

Most immediate sign = critical rise in body temp (>40-41 C)

Rapid shallow breathing, panting, and weak, rapid, or irregular heart rate

Moving the animal into shade or spraying it with cold water
 Also can pack ice/snow around it, cold water enemas

56
Q

Hypothermia

A

low temps, characterized as temp <35 C

Mostly in young animals, animals with low body mass, poor condition

Prolonged recovery, acidosis, coagulopathies, and arrhythmias

Dry and cover animal + external heat source

57
Q

Capture Myopathy

A

Most commonly associated with pursuit, capture, restraint, transportation

Prey species, particularly ungulates predisposed
* Also long legged wading birds
* Less common in carnivores but can occur under certain conditions

58
Q

Pathophysiology of Capture Myopathy

A

Effects of sympathetic exhaustion + sustained stress + intense muscular exertion

Sustained muscular exertion = production, buildup of lactate in muscle

Leads to metabolic acidosis, death of SkM; release of intracellular K+, Ca2+, myoglobin

High amounts of myoglobin in plasma, ultrafiltrate in renal tubules = ARF

Hyperkalemia, acidosis, acute arrhythmias, circulatory failure

59
Q

Capture Myopathy Tx, Prevent

A

Difficult to treat PREVENTION IS KEY

Chase limited to 2 min

Capture efforts not resumed for at least 1 day if failed

If several individuals from same herd require capture, advisable to have enough handlers to capture multiple at same time rather than repeatedly stressing herd

60
Q

4 Clinical Capture Myopathy Syndromes

A
  1. Acute Death Syndrome/Capture Shock Syndrome
  2. Delayed Peracute Death Syndrome
  3. Ataxia-Myoglobinuric Syndrome
  4. Muscle Rupture Syndrome
61
Q

Acute Death Syndrome/Capture Shock Sydrome

A

during mobilization or within short time after capture, death usually within 1-6hr post capture

Depression, tachypnea, tachycardia, hyperthermia, weak thready pulses, death

Elevations in AST, CK, LDH

Postmortem lesions: small intestinal, hepatic congestion plus pulmonary congestion and edema

Histopath: small areas of necrosis in SkM, brain, liver, heart, adrenals, lymph nodes, spleen, pancreas, renal tubules

62
Q

Delayed Peracute Death Syndrome

A

RARE, animals in captivity >24hr

–Animals appear normal if left undisturbed
–If stressed/captured, try to run or escape but stop abruptly and stand/lie still for a few moments
o Eyes dilate, death ensues within several minutes
* Cause of death: ventricular fibrillation

Elevations in AST, CK, LDH

No gross or histopathologic lesions post mortem

63
Q

Ataxic Myoglobinuric Syndrome

A

Most common, several hours to days post capture

Clinical signs: mild to severe ataxia, torticollis, myoglobinuria

Elevations in AST, CK, LDH, BUN

Post mortem: main lesions in kidney, SkM

64
Q

Muscle Rupture Syndrome

A

24-48hrs post capture, animals normally appear normal

Clinical signs: marked drop in hindquarters, hyperflexion of hock due to unilateral or bilateral rupture of gastrocnemius muscle

Elevations in AST, CK, LDH

Most animals die within few days

Postmortem: massive subcutaneous hemorrhage of the rear limbs, muscular lesions similar to ataxic myoglobinuric syndrome but more severe, widespread

65
Q

When do most deaths related to wildlife capture occur?

A

early phase of large capture project before immobilization protocols have been refined, drug dosages adjusted, team members experienced

> 2% mortality during trapping = unacceptable

66
Q

Three Categories of Capture Mortality of Free Ranging Mammals

A
  1. Direct effect of immobilizing agents themselves
  2. Indirect effects of drug(s) used
  3. Secondary Effects caused by capture process itself
67
Q

Three Categories of Capture Mortality of Free Ranging Mammals

A
  1. Direct effect of immobilizing agents themselves
  2. Indirect effects of drug(s) used
  3. Secondary Effects
68
Q

Indirect Effects of Drugs Used

A

Drowning, pneumothorax

Etorphine often induces hyperthermia –> animal seeks water then drowns

69
Q

Secondary Effects Caused by Capture Process Itself

A
  • Trauma traps
  • Long term effects form chasing
  • Have nothing to do with ax risk per se, treated as a separate entity

Boards: Other Topics (Endocrine, CPR, Euthanasia, etc) (8 decks)

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