Remembering & Forgetting Flashcards
Nonsense Syllables
Meaning: any of numerous letter combinations without meaning, used in learning experiments.
Explanation: Materials Ebbinghaus invented to be memorized to minimize the influence of linguistic associations that would have been present had he used words or sentences as materials to be remembered (ZOK, VAP, CVC, etc.).
Trials to Criterion
A special form of event recording; a measure of the number of responses or practice opportunities needed for a person to achieve a perfect level of accuracy or proficiency.
Explicit Memory or Episodic Memory
Refers to the conscious recollection of events.
Implicit Memory
Refers to the expression of past learning in which one does not need any conscious effort to retrieve information from the past.
Scale-attenuation Effects (Ceiling and Floor Effects)
The ceiling effect usually happens when the exam given is too easy that all testers score very high, and the floor effect occurs when the examination is too difficult where most examinees score very low.
Brown-Peterson Technique
A lab experiment was conducted in which 24 participants (psychology students) had to recall trigrams (meaningless three-consonant syllables, e.g. TGH). To prevent rehearsal participants were asked to count backwards in threes or fours from a specified random number until they saw a red light appear.
Proactive Interference
is when you memorize a list of information (words, names, ideas, formulas, and just about anything else that can be made into a list), and when remembering a later part of the list, an earlier memorized part of the list gets in the way.
Generality of Results
The issue of whether a particular experimental result will be obtained under different circumstances, such as with a different subject population or in a different experimental setting.
Tetrahedral Model of Memory Experiments
Jenkins’s four part analysis of memory experiments into type of subjects, orienting tasks, type of test, and type of materials.
Transfer-Appropriate Processing
The principle that whether encoding activities promote memory will depend on the type of test used to assess memory performance.
Interaction
An experimental result that occurs when the levels of one independent variable are differentially affected by the levels of other independent variables.
Priming
Facilitation of a response because of a previous experience; for example, prior presentation of a word speeds later reading of the same word.
Crossover Interaction
The reversal of the effect of one independent variable on a dependent variable at a certain level of a second independent variable.
Ebbinghaus, Hermann
German psychologist who began the experimental investigation of human memory.
