Remembering

Question 1

3 processes for memory

Answer 1

1) Encoding: transforming info into a form that can be stored in memory.
-must focus attention & selectively attend
2) Storage: keeping / maintaining info in memory.
-Consolidation: hippocampus has a SAVE button. memories migrate to cortex for storage. during sleep, hippo & cortex “talk”
3) Retrieval: stored info from memory is brought to mind (remebering smt and accessing the info)

Question 2

3 memory systems (in order)

Answer 2

1) sensory memory
2) short-term memory
3) long-term memory

Question 3

Sensory memory

Answer 3

• holds all info that come in through our senses
• very brief
• iconic memory: visual sensory memory is fleeting (lasts less than 1 second)
• echoic memory: auditory sensory memory is fleeting (lasts aprx. 2 seconds)
  -Items fade faster than we can recall them
• we can CHOOSE which of all the sensory is most important to send it into short-term memory

Question 4

Short-term memory

Answer 4

• the working memory (mental workspace / worckbench)
• second stage of memory brief storage for info currently being used
• WORKS with sensory memory to take it in & WORKS with long-term memory to retrieve from it

Question 5

Short-term memory limitations + strategies

Answer 5

-capacity: 7 items
-duration: 30 seconds
-to overcome duration use rehearsal= WORST : repeating info over and over to retain
-to overcome capacity use chunking (manipulation): grouping seperate bits
-elaboration= BEST : relating new info with things we already know

Question 6

Long-term memory

Answer 6

-storehouse of permanent memories
-UNLIMITED capacity
-responsible for knowledge, skills, experience

Question 7

Parallel processing

Answer 7

-two-track memory system
-implicit
-explicit

Question 8

Implicit (NONDECLARATIVE) memory

Answer 8

-cerebellum & basal ganglia
-retention of learned skills, CC associations, UNCOUNCIOUSLY
-automatic processing bypasses concious encoding: space time, sequence, frequency, skills, fears (muscle memory, realizing that you saw someone 3x in a day)

Question 9

Explicit (DECLARATIVE) memory

Answer 9

-hippocampus & frontal lobe
-Semantic= retention of facts
-Episodic= retention of personal events (episodes) that can be conciously retrieved

Question 10

Measuring memory

Answer 10

-recall: produce info by searching our memory. can be helped by retrieval cues (stimulus that helps us remember something)
-recognition: recognizing info through multiple choice tests, true/false, matching (*not supplying info -writing)
-relearning method: once something is learned, it will take less time to learn it again