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Virology > Remember me! > Flashcards

Remember me! Flashcards

1
Q

Name three erosive diseases of cattle

A

Bovine virus diarrhoea virus

Malignant catarrhal fever

Rinderpest

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2
Q

Describe the pathology of malignant catarrhal fever

A
  • generalised disease, invariably fatal
  • erosive lesions of GIT
  • respiratory lesions
  • mucopurulent naso-occular discharge
  • lymphoproliferation and lymphocyte infiltration
  • vasculitis
  • corneal opacity
  • neurological sins
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3
Q

Describe the epidemiology of malignant catarrhal fever

A

Carried asymptomatically by wildebeast and sheep

Sporadic transmission to cattle, deer via contact or infected pastures

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4
Q

Describe the diagnosis of malignant catarrhal fever

A

PCR

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5
Q

Describe the control of malignant catarrhal fever

A

No vaccine available

Control contact with wildbeast/sheep/infected pasture?

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6
Q

Describe the pathology of virus diarrhoea syndrome

A

Mild GIT erosions

diarrhoea

immunosuppression

respiratory disease

May be mild or subclinical

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7
Q

Describe the pathology of reproductive syndrome caused by bovine virus diarrhoea virus

A

Reproductive problems in naive dams infected with cytopathic or non-pathogenic strains

embryonic death, abortion, calves with cerebellar hypoplasia

+/- Bovine virus diarrhoea

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8
Q

Describe the pathology of mucosal disease

A

Severe erosion of the GIT and digits

Depression, fever, profuse diarrhoea

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9
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of bovine virus diarrhoea virus when infecting foetuses at varying stages of gestation

A

If infected at (day) of gestation

Day 0-40: embryonic loss

Day 40-120: Persistently infected, immunotolerent calf (Ag +ve, AB -ve) -> Mucosal disease 6-18mo

Day 90- 160: Congenital abnormalities (Ag, AB variable)

Day 140-280: clinically normal, or small weak calf (Ag -ve, AB +ve)

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10
Q

Describe the diagnosis of Bovine virus diarrhoea virus

A

Serological or molecular testing

antigen tests / PCR

skin (e.g ear notch) or blood samples

Mucosal disease: Ag +ve, Ab -ve

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11
Q

Which family does malignant catarrhal fever belong to?

A

Herpesvirus

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12
Q

Which family does bovine virus diarrhoea virus belong to?

A

Flavivirus (Pestivirus)

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13
Q

Which family does rinderpest belong to?

A

Paramyxovirus

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14
Q

Describe the epidemiology of rinderpest

A

severe disease, high incidence, high case fatality in cattle

Mild disease in cattle, buffalo, game animals, sheep, goats

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15
Q

Describe the pathology of rinderpest

A

inflammation, haemorrhage, erosions, necorsis of digestive mucosal membranes, diarrhoea, death

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16
Q

List the vesicular diseases of pigs

A

Foot and mouth disease

Swine vesicular disease

Vesicular exanthema

Vesicular stomatitis

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17
Q

What family does vesicular stomiatitis belong to?

A

Rhabdovirus

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18
Q

Describe the pathology of vesicular stomatitis virus

A

Similar to FMD: causes vescicular lesions on mouth, snout, feet; rupture to leave ulcerative areas

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19
Q

Describe the host range of vesicular stomatitis

A

pigs, horses, cattle, zoonotic

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20
Q

Describe the transmission of vesicular stomatitis virus

A

Arthropod vectors (probably mechanical)

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21
Q

Write brief notes on vesicular exanthema

A

Disease seen in pigs in USA between 1932-1956 (now eradicted)

Vesicular disease, similar to FMD

Same as San Miguel sea lion virus

Probably resulted from feeding pigs marine mammals

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22
Q

Which family does vesicular exanthema belong to?

A

Calcivirus

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23
Q

Which family does foot and mouth disease belong to?

A

Picornavirus (Apthovirus)

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24
Q

Describe the host range of foot and mouth disease

A

Cloven-hoofed animals including cattle, deer, sheep, goats, pigs

rarely, humans

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25
Q

Describe pathology of foot and mouth disease

A

Cows, pigs: fever, depression, loss of production

vesicles on tongue, gums, snout, feet, teats

Sheep and goats with mild or subclincal infections

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26
Q

Discuss the economic factors involved in foot and mouth disease

A

Loss of production, but less significant in endemic areas

Significant impacts on international trade

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27
Q

Discuss transmission of foot and mouth disease

A
  • short incubation period
  • high concentrations of virus shed in aerosols, esp. pigs; can be transmitted long distances on wind;
  • infection via respiratory route
  • virus can be shed before clinical signs observed
  • small infectious dose
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28
Q

Is foot and mouth disease a good candidate for eradication? Why/why not?

A
  • large amounts of virus shed into environment, can travel long distances on wind
  • can be shed before clinical signs observed
  • rapid replication cycle (short incubation period)
  • small infective dose
  • many serotypes & subtypes, short-lived immunity -> vaccination problems
  • extremely resistant in environment at neutral pH (resistant to detergents and dessication)
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29
Q

Discuss the serotypes of foot and mouth disease

A
  • 7 serotypes: A, O, C, SAT1, SAT2, SAT3, Asia1
  • Many subtypes per serotype (> 80 total)
  • Immunity to one serotype does not protect against others
  • Immunity to one subtype may or may not protect against others
  • Need correct subtype in inactivated vaccines to protect against local strains
  • short-lived immunity, boosters required /6m
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30
Q

Describe the control of foot and mouth disease in exotic countries

A
  • strict control for importation of animal products/swill feeding to pigs
  • strict quarantine measures
  • slaughter of affected animals
  • +/- ring vaccination
  • alert authorities if suspect vesicular disease
  • monitoring/surveillence
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31
Q

Describe the host range of swine vesicular disease

A

Pigs only

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32
Q

Describe the pathology of swine vesicular disease

A

foot lesions; snout lesions uncommon

33
Q

Which family does swine vesicular disease belong to?

A

Picornavirus

34
Q

Are herpesviruses good candidates for eradication? Why/why not?

A

Yes

  • can screen population using antibody detection tests (relatively cheap)
  • remove carriers (AB+)
  • fragile virus with no long-term environmental reservoirs
35
Q

Which family does feline rhinotracheitis virus belong to?

A

Herpeviridae

(Feline herpesvirus 1)

36
Q

Describe the pathology of feline rhinotracheitis virus

A

upper respiratory tract disease

responsible for 40% of cat flu

rhinitis

oculo-nasal discharge

inappetance

confjunctivitis

keratatis

+/- secondary bacterial pneumonia

generalised disease in neonates

37
Q

Describe the control of feline rhinotracheitis virus

A

Live attenuated vaccine

not 100% protective

38
Q

Describe the treatment of feline rhinotracheitis virus

A

management of clincal signs

reduce stress

prevent/treat secondary bacterial infections

nucleotide analogues (famcyclovir)

39
Q

Compare and contrast vesicular diseases

A

EDIT: SVD via oral route or broken skin

direct contact or ingestion (e.g. of contaminated pork products)

41
Q

Describe the pathology of feline calcivirus

A

Upper respiratory tract infection (rhinitis, fever, conjunctivitis)

ulcerative glossitis

Sometimes pneumonia and death, esp. kittens

Some virulent strains cause systemic infections with facial and limb oedema, alopecia, and ulceration of feet (rare)

42
Q

List the pathogens involved in cat flu

A

Feline calcivirus (40%)

Feline herpesvirus (40%)

Chlamydia (20%)

43
Q

Is feline calcivirus a good candidate for eradication? Why/why not?

A

No

  • Many serotypes, leading to vaccination failure
  • Shed from oropharynx for >1y after recovery (carrier animals)
  • Resistant in environment
44
Q

Describe the control of feline calicvirus

A

Attenuated vaccines available, but vaccination failures not uncommon (many serotypes)

45
Q

Describe the pathology of bovine coronavirus

A

Neonatal diarrhoea < 3w.o

Winter dysentery and respiratory disease in cows

46
Q

Describe the control of bovine coronavirus

A

Neonatal calves most at risk -> vaccinate dams, ensure sufficient colostrum intake

47
Q

List two viruses that might cause diarrhoea in calves

A

Bovine virus diarrhoea virus

Bovine coronavirus

48
Q

Name the three genera of Reoviruses

A

Orthoreovirus

Orbivirus

Rotavirus

49
Q

What family does bluetongue belong to?

A

Reovirus (Orbivirus)

50
Q

Describe transmission of bluetongue

A

arbovirus (biological transmission by Culicoides)

Multifactorial: age, stress, rough terrain; sheep vs cattle proportions (preferred host = cattle)

Non-contagious between sheep; severity depends on strain of virus and breed of sheep

Cattle important amplifying hosts (viremia ~4 months)

51
Q

Describe the pathology of bluetongue in sheep

A

Can be prolonged, progressive disease

Variability in clinical signs
- catarrhal (mm) inflammation of digestive and respiratory tracts with erosions)

  • fever, swollen lymph nodes
  • mucopurulent nasal discharge; swelling of nose and mouth
  • damage to small blood vessels
  • odema, cyanosis, haemorrhage
  • distension of tongue
  • coronitis (hyperaemia, red->purple swelling of coronary band)
  • muscle degeneration, loss of condition, emaciation
  • congenital abnormalities
  • Postmortem: yellow/gelatinous/haemorrhagic SQ, thoracic, abdominal oedema

-

52
Q

Describe the pathology of bluetongue in cattle

A

Usually asymptomatic or mild disease

congenital defects from in utero infection

53
Q

Describe some of the major attributes of bluetongue

A

arbovirus

>20 serotypes, not cross protective

11 strains present in Aus; mostly low virulence; this may be changed with changing climactic factors and spread of cattle into sheep areas

54
Q

Discuss the control of bluetongue

A

Live attenuated or killed vaccines used in some countries (need to know local serotype of prevelance)

Attenuated viruses can cause congenital defects

Concerns about genetic reassortment of vaccine and field strains (killed vaccines may be safer, but less effective)

55
Q

Describe the pathology of Newcastle disease

A

severe, generalised disease (sometimes confused with fowl plague)

in chickens, turkeys, pigeons, parrots, +/- other avians

respiratory, intestinal, nervous signs

haemorrhagic enteritis and tracheitis, encephalitis, hepatic necrosis and haemorrhage

56
Q

What family does Newcastle disease belong to?

A

Paramyxovirus (Morbillivirus)

57
Q

Describe the subcategories of newcastle disease

A

Only one serotype, BUT

Lentogenic: can only replicate in epithelial cell, no disease

Mesogenic: moderate disease

Velogenic: can replicate in many cell types - severe disease, high case fatality, highly virulent. Varies by 2 amino acids from lentogenic strain

Viscerotropic: prediliction for GIT

Pneumotropic: prediliction for resp. tract

58
Q

Describe control of Newcastle disease

A

In endemic countries, vaccination with lentogenic strain (selected for heat stability)

In exotic locations, slaughter

59
Q

Describe control of Newcastle disease

A

In endemic countries, vaccination with lentogenic strain (selected for heat stability)

In exotic locations, slaughter

60
Q

Describe the subcategories of newcastle disease

A

Only one serotype, BUT

Lentogenic: can only replicate in epithelial cell, no disease

Mesogenic: moderate disease

Velogenic: can replicate in many cell types - severe disease, high case fatality, highly virulent. Varies by 2 amino acids from lentogenic strain

Viscerotropic: prediliction for GIT

Pneumotropic: prediliction for resp. tract

61
Q

What family does Newcastle disease belong to?

A

Paramyxovirus (Morbillivirus)

62
Q

Describe the pathology of Newcastle disease

A

severe, generalised disease (sometimes confused with fowl plague)

in chickens, turkeys, pigeons, parrots, +/- other avians

respiratory, intestinal, nervous signs

haemorrhagic enteritis and tracheitis, encephalitis, hepatic necrosis and haemorrhage

63
Q

Describe the pathology of Fowl Plague

A

respiratory distress, cyanosis, nervous signs, diarrhoea, haemorrhage, rapid death

64
Q

Name two diseases that can cause systemic disease and high mortality in birds

A

Fowl plague

Newcastle disease

65
Q

List two diseases that could cause upper respiratory tract disease in horses

A

Equine rhinopneumatitis virus (EHV4)

Equine influenza (H7N7, H3N8)

66
Q

List two diseases that can cause immunosuppression in cats

A

Feline leukaemia virus (oncovirus)

Feline immunodeficiency virus (lentivirus)

67
Q

Which family does feline leukaemia virus belong to?

A

Retrovirus (oncovirus)

68
Q

Discuss the prognosis of feline leukaemia virus

A

Depends on age and dose

Older cats: usually clear infection (immune response)

Young cats: persistent viremea, development of clinical signs, Px 2-3 years

69
Q

Discuss the pathology of feline leukaemia virus

A

Older cats: clinically unaffected

Persistently viremic (esp young) cats: (FeLV-A + …)

  • *FeLV-B**
  • lymphoid and myeloid leukaemia
  • lymphosarcoma
  • *FeLV-C**
  • bone marrow aplasia and anaemia
  • *FeLV-T**
  • immunosuppression

less commonly,

  • reproductive failure
  • glomerulonephritis
  • osteosclerosis (abnormal hardening of bone)
70
Q

Discuss the transmission of feline leukaemia virus

A

Shed in saliva and other excretions/secretions

Infection by prolonged close contact (e.g. sharing bowls, mutual grooming), via ingestion

Prevalence highest in multi-cat households and catteries

71
Q

Describe diagnosis of feline leukaemia virus

A

Detection of FeLV antigen
Immunofluoresence, ELISA, rapid antigen detection tests

72
Q

Describe control of feline leukaemia virus

A

Recombinant vaccine

Cats should be tested to ensure antibody-negative prior to vaccination

Test & remove effective in catteries

73
Q

Describe the pathology of feline immunodeficiency virus

A

immunosuppression, opportunisitic infections

anaemia

lymphadenopathy

lethargy

febrile episdes

74
Q

Describe the prevalence of feline immunodeficiency virus

A

transmitted via biting/fighting

75
Q

Describe control of feline immunodeficiency virus

A

Killed vaccine

Keeping cats indoors

76
Q

Describe diagnosis of feline immunodeficiency virus

A

detection of antibodies in serum

vaccine causes AB+ response, PCR for detection of pro-virus-DNA in blood samples now available

77
Q

Describe the prognosis of feline immunodeficiency virus

A

Many cats live long lives

Only a small percentage develop AIDS (poor prognosis)

78
Q

List viruses that are transmitted mechanically by arthropods

A

Myxoma

Fowlpox

Equine infectious anaemia

79
Q

List arboviruses

A

Togaviruses: Eastern, western, venezualan equine encephalitis

Flaviruses: Japanese B encephalitis, Murray Valley encephalitis, Dengue, West Nile virus, West-Nile Kunjin virus

Asfarvirus: African swine fever virus

Rhabdovirus: Bovine ephemeral fever

Virology (4 decks)

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