remember 2

Question 1

Personal pronouns

Answer 1

The use of pronouns, “I, you, we” with a verb e.g βαινω εγω” is a form that emphasizes verbs and makes them more forceful.

The unaccented forms of these pronouns are enclitics.

The emphatic usage of the nominative form often implies a strong contrast with someone or something else - “I am going…but you are staying put”

Question 1

Third declension nouns

Answer 1

the third declension can be difficult to recognise the gender of the noun, but here are the patterns:

1) Nouns classified as 3a are either masculine or feminine or feminine, but never neuter.
2) Nouns classified as types 3b, 3c and 3f are always neuter.

STEM
The nouns stem is not obvious from the nominative singular - they must be memorised

GENITIVE SINGULAR
The genitive form allows you to see -

1) The stem of the noun
2) That it is a type 3 noun

3A is the most common type 3 noun.

Accusative singular

(1) 3a nouns ending in -ις (usually feminine) generally have an acc. s. in -ιv,

e.g. χάρις (χαριτ-), ‘grace’, acc. s. χάριν, but otherwise follow the same pattern as λιμήν and vύξ. Note that πατρίς (acc. πατρίδα) is an exception.

Question 2

this and that + pronouns

Answer 2

The Greek word for this and that can be used as…

an adjective - in which case they will agree with the noun

On their own as pronouns - when they will mean ‘he, she, it’ depending on form and context. ουτος and εκείνος are regularly used on their own as third person pronouns to mean - ‘this man’ ‘this woman’ ‘that thing’

they can be used with forms ending in Ι to emphasise ‘here’ meaning -

‘this man here, this woman here, that thing there’

When ουτος and εκείνος are used as pronouns, the definitive article is not used.

USAGE as an adjective
it agrees with the noun but doesn’t sandwich it in between the article and the noun.

Question 3

negatives

Answer 3

a series of simple negatives first in the clause reinforces the negative.

When the simple negative follows a compound negative, it creates a positive.

Question 4

greek idioms

Answer 4

Greek leaves out the verb ‘to be’ if it can be understood from the context. Likewise, other words can be left out if they are understood easily from the context. Such as,

Adjectives which may be understood in English as an adverb (saying ‘sleeping peaceful’ rather than ‘sleeping peacefully’)

Adjectives being used as nouns by the addition of the definitive article. In fact, nearly all Greek adjectives can be used as nouns.