Remaining material

Question 1

DEFINE - appraisals

Answer 1

How you construe your present environment shape emotions you are likely to feel. (emotional interpretations of how pleasant, threatening or fair events are )

Question 2

DIFFERENTIATE emotions & mood (name 2 things)

Answer 2

1. Emotions are brief; moods are a state of mind
2. emotions have an intentional object (are caused by specific events, like a stupid instagram comment makes you angry); moods aren’t really caused by a specific event

Question 3

DEFINE Darwin’s approach to emotion (broadly)

Answer 3

Expressions of emotions exist because they were necessary in the past. Ex:expressions of anger (closed fists, furrowed brow, tightened posture, etc) might have been signs that were necessary for survival

Question 4

DEFINE social function theory of emotion

Answer 4

Emotions (and their expressions) serve to form, maintain, and negotiate the relationships that matter most to us (through commitment, cooperation, communication)

Question 5

What was a criticism of Paul Eckman’s attempt to prove the theory of cross-cultural displays of emotion

Answer 5

That all the countries he had visited were still exposed to Western media so maybe that’s why everyone was able to correctly identify all the pictures

Question 5

What are the 3 different “proofs” for darwin’s theory of emotion

Answer 5

1. There’s cross cultural display of emotion
2. Animals also display some similar expressions like “laughing”, embarrassment, anger, etc
3. Blind people express the same emotions as sighted people (ex: blind athletes display pride when winning and shame when losing in the same way)

Question 6

DEFINE focal emotion (of a culture)

Answer 6

It’s the emotions that are relatively common in everyday life & that are experienced/expressed more often

Question 7

1. In which type of culture is anger a focal emotion
2. In which type of culture is embarrassment & shame a focal emotion

Answer 7

1. Anger is most focal in cultures that value honour (why so many insults involve family)
2. Embarrassment & shame are more focal in interdependent cultures

Question 8

1. DEFINE affect valuation theory
2. Use theory to explain why excitement is so valued in the U.S

Answer 8

1. Theory that emotions that promote important cultural ideals are valued and play a more prominent role in the social lives
2. Excitement is so valued in the U.S bc it promotes independent achievement (important value) - makes people more likely to participate in high risk activities & stuff

Question 9

What are the 3 ways ppl regulate their emotions across culture
hint - R.A.S

Answer 9

1. Reappraising - people rethink about why they feel the way they do (rethinking abt frustration towards friend)
2. Accepting - acceptance of current emotions & understanding that emotions are fleeting & the causes typically change (understanding that feelings are temporary)
3. Suppression - minimizing outward sign of emotion (ex: not laughing at ur friend if they fumble) - more common in interdependent cultures

Question 10

Edward Muybridge was a photographer who damaged his orbifrontal cortex after a car accident. What happened to his behaviour afterwards?

Answer 10

He became very cold and distant. He struggled with commitment in his closest relationships - he felt distant from his wife and never grew attachment for his son

Question 11

NEUROSCIENCE - what is the orbifrontal cortex responsible for

Answer 11

the ability to rely on emotions in order to adjust behaviour depending on specific situations; when damaged, relations with romantic partners, family & friends & interactions strangers deteriorate

Question 12

1. DEFINE the commitment problem
2. What is the solution to the commitment problem

Answer 12

1. We must regularly sacrifice for others even when we are tempted to do otherwise to have functioning social relationships
2. Solution is emotions - our expression of certain emotions (like gratitude) shows our commitment to close ppl. Also motivates us in ways that prioritize well-being of others (like wanting to apologize & make amends when feel guilty)

Question 12

What happens when you give oxytocin to voles (little animals)

Answer 12

they stay close to their sexual partner even if other available voles are nearby (they’re usually non-committal animals)

Question 13

What happens when you give oxytocin as a nasal spray to people

Answer 13

They’re more cooperative, they look more consistently at other people’s faces & score higher on tests of empathy
**only applies to ingroup - increases hostility to outgroup members

Question 14

STUDY People were placed on opposite ends of a table with a curtain separating them, only able to communicate through touch - how effectively were people able to identify emotions expressed by the other person

Answer 14

the person receiving the touches was able to properly identify a stranger’s expression of gratitude, anger, fear, compassion, love and disgust

Question 15

There’s a study where NBA teammates who did things like high fives, fist bumps, head slaps, and bear hugs early in the season were more collaborative and played better later in the season. What’s a limitation of this study?

Answer 15

Because it wasn’t a pure experiment; players were not randomly assigned to touch their teammates or not- weakens the inferences that can be drawn from its results.

Question 16

How do the expression of these following emotion play a role in social connections
1. Awe
2. Pride
3. Anger
4. Envy (malicious envy & benign envy)

Answer 16

1. Awe - increases our sense of belonging with others - We often feel awe in collective situations (political rallies, sporting events, concerts)
2. Pride - feelings of pride lead people to act in ways that increase their social status (like speaking up or taking charge); Those who display pride nonverbally are also more likely to be imitated and followed by others
3. Anger - signals dominance, and its expression can lead people to gain power and status.
4. Envy - there’s malicious envy (trying to undermine someone’s status: I want to pull that person down to my level) & benign envy ( “i want the status this person has - comes from admiration & bienfaisance)

Question 17

How do emotions influence reasoning

Answer 17

Positive emotions enhance creative thinking and flexibility in reasoning. People in positive moods generate more novel ideas and make broader categorizations.

Question 18

DEFINE broaden and build hypothesis

Answer 18

negative emotions focus our attention on the narrow details of what we are perceiving, positive emotions broaden our patterns of thinking in ways that help us expand our understanding of the world and build our social relationships

Question 19

STUDY - broaden and build study. Participants were either made to feel positive, neutral or negative emotions. They were then shown this picture: ▞▚
and asked which picture was most similar: 1.a picture of 3 triangles in the shape of triangle (similar in its global arrangement) or 2. a picture 4 squares in a square shape (similar in specific details).

Which condition said option 1 (collective arrangement) was more similar?

Answer 19

Participants feeling positive emotion said that the 3 triangles in triangle shape (collective arrangement) was more similar. This means that they saw more collective worldview blabla

Question 20

Which of these factors don’t affect our construal of memories (how much we see a memory as positive or negative)
a. peak moment (most delicious bite of a dessert, most painful moment of an experience)
b. duration of the event (how long a concert lasted, how long a bad date was)
c. end (the event ended really well or really badly)

Answer 20

Duration neglect - the duration of an experience doesn’t impact how much you enjoyed/didn’t enjoy an experience

Question 21

STUDY - Most people are happy study 1996 vs 2018:
A researcher looked at the general level of life satisfaction in people in a lot of different countries in 1996 and 2018. In the results, people were on average much more happy. in 1996 than 2018. what changed in the study?

Answer 21

Because in 1996, only 43 countires were surveyed and all the countries were generally rich. In 2018, 166 countries were surveyed, many of which were going through war, poverty or illness.

Question 22

1. Are you more likely to be happy as a poor person in a poor country or poor person in a rich country
2. Are you more likely to be happy as a rich person in a poor or rich country

Answer 22

1. happier as poor person in rich country, bc there’s still a social support net & public spaces are better etc
2. happier as rich in rich country

Question 23

STUDY - Researcher read the letter written by old nuns when they were 22. Which type of letter correlated with higher longevity

Answer 23

Those who wrote cheery/positive letters at 22 lived 7 years longer on average

Question 24

STUDY - heritability of happiness:
A study looked at monozygotic and dizygotic twins 10 years apart. They measured 1 twin at the beginning & the other twin’s wellbeing 10 years later.
1. What was the variance (how much do genes account for happiness)
2. There was a correlation of 0.48/0.6 for what is stable. what does that mean & what’s that result in percentage.

Answer 24

1. genes account for 24% of happiness 10 years later
2. It means that 80% of what’s stable in subjective wellbeing could be explained by genetics

Question 25

DEFINE set point theory

Answer 25

People have a genetically determined baseline level of happiness to which they tend to return, regardless of positive or negative life events. This means that while people might experience temporary fluctuations in happiness, their overall happiness will tend to stabilize at a certain level, which is partly determined by their genetic makeup

Question 26

In which situation may always seeking for more wealth than you have
1. Not decrease your SWB
2. Decrease your SWB

Answer 26

1. Positive motives don’t lower SWB: if your aspiration for having more wealth is because you want more money to compensate the efforts you made, your SWB doesn’t decrease
2. Negative motives lower SWB - If it’s to prove yourself to others & compare yourself to others, you always want better cars than your neighbour, you always want to prove you’re better, then you’re not happy