Midterm 1 - terms & studies Flashcards
DEFINE - Wishful seeing
We see whatever’s best for us (ex: we see fewer mistakes from our team during a game)
DEFINE - Construal of distance
Threats and valuable things are seen as closer to us than they actually are (ppl saw Mexico as closer to them than Vancouver)
DEFINE - Naïve realism
The belief that my views are unbiased, educated and objective, whereas your views are ideological, biased and subjective
CORRESPONDING TERM- the idea that the media is biased against my views and doesn’t showcase the truth
Hostile media effect
DEFINE - Partisan tradeoff bias
When people think that policy tradeoffs from the policies presented by politicians on their side are worth the end goal - they’re reasonable, etc.
And that for policies presented by the other side, the policy tradeoffs are intentional, avoidable and that the costs outweigh the benefits
DEFINE - theory of mind
The knowledge that others have beliefs & behaviours - it allows us to predict behaviour
CORRESPONDING TERM - people’s perception of objects involves active, usually non conscious interpretation of what the object represents as a whole.
Ex: forming an image out of fragmented lines that don’t necessarily mean anything
Gestalt psychology
CORRESPONDING TERM - beliefs, values, personality traits, and abilities that guide behaviour
dispositions
DEFINE - fundamental attribution error
Attributing other ppl’s actions to their personality or character rather than considering that there may be other factors contributing to why they act that way
- My coworker’s late bc he’s lazy and has poor work ethic
THEORY - Does introspection help with naïve realism?
No: introspection helps us get a sense of what are our thoughts but it doesn’t let us realize the process that is at work.
Actually, introspection leads us to have greater confidence that we’re not biased but doesn’t actually help to decrease the bias
STUDY - Automatic vs controlled processing - Experimenters asked some White participants to read words stereotypically associated with Black Americans (for example, jazz, busing) and then read a brief description of someone whose race was not specified. Those participants were more likely to report that the individual was _________ than were participants who hadn’t read such words
Experimenters asked some White participants to read words stereotypically associated with Black Americans (for example, jazz, busing) and then read a brief description of someone whose race was not specified. Those participants were more likely to report that the individual was [hostile] than were participants who hadn’t read such words
STUDY - Wishful seeing - They saw a triple lutz.
Russians kept on winning in figure skating every year. However at some point, the Canadians were said to be flawless but less artistic and the russians had commited some technical mistakes.
What did the Russian media say about this?
What did the American media say?
American media made a lot of pro-canadian arguments and said it ‘wasn’t even close” and russian media said that “it was close tied between 2 teams”
STUDY - People in an experiment had to drink either a gross green juice or orange juice and they would be assigned the drink based on wether they saw a number or letter in an image they were shown. (13 or B). What were they likely to see if they were told the letter gets them the orange juice?
The letter (B) duh
BOOK EXAMPLE -Using concept of “nudges”, which option is more likely to make people accept to be part of an insurance plan funded by their company?
1. Check this box if you want to opt out of the insurance plan
2. Check this box if you want to opt in
People are more likely to stay if the option is opt out
DEFINE - naturalistic fallacy
Evolutionary theory can lead to naturalistic fallacy, where people assume mistakenly that biology is destiny - what we are biologically predisposed to do is what we inevitably will do and perhaps even should do; humans are predisposed to violence and war, men are biologically meant to provide & women to make babies, etc
NEUROSCIENCE -
1. Part of the brain involved in automatic reactions to social stimuli (esp fear and gut feelings)
2. Brain’s reward system: processes rewarding stimuli and signals automatic responses to positive experiences
- amygdala
- nucleus accumbens
NEUROSCIENCE - What part of the brain is involved in reasoning, abstract thought, self awareness, moral judgement, empathy and understanding of other’s mental states
Neocortex
STUDY - Pen colour in korea vs america: Korean and American participants were offered a pen as a gift for being in a study. Several of the pens were of one color and one pen was of another color.
Which pen did koreans chose
Which pen did americans choose
Americans tended to choose the unique colour and Koreans the common colour.
REMINDER (not question) - The first page of a 1930s American children’s reader features a boy running with his dog (see Dick run) , emphasizing individual action and choice, while a Chinese reader from the same era depicts a boy on his brother’s shoulders (see big brother and little brother), highlighting the importance of family
🐛
REMINDER (not question) - interdependence more common in cooperative economies like agriculture, versus independence in solitary professions
🦞flip🦀
Kinship structures - extended family ties foster interdependence, particularly in societies organized around clans or tribes. For example, southern Chinese, who rely on cooperative rice farming, tend to be more interdependent than their northern counterparts, who cultivate wheat with less collaboration
