religon and language Flashcards
what is polytheism religon
a religion belief in multiple gods (ex: Buddhism, Hinduism, Taoism, Confucianism, Taoism usually followed in ASIA)
what is a monotheism religion
a religion belief in only ONE GOD (ex: Islam, Judaism, Christianity usually followed in ISRAEL)
what is Secularism and where is it followed
system where religion is kept separated from government, education ,and the public life. antireligons (for ex: United States, South Korea, India, Mexico, France, and Turkey)
what are Universalizing Religons? How is it spread?
A religon that a religion tries to attract all over the world, no matter the culture of location. (For example: Christianity, ISlam and Buddhism)
usually attracted through missionaries, inclusive messages like improving inequality, adapting to cultures, offering benefits, building strong communities)
what are Ethnic Religions?
Religions closely tied to a specific group or geographic location (for example; Hinduism, Judaism, Shintoism)
isogloss
A map that states how language change over space (like an isotherm map)
what is a Language Classification
is the way languages are group based on their similarities and shared history. it is organized into family trees. ( the stem to branches)
- language families: roots of the trees, biggest group of related language (ex: English, Spanish, Hindi)
- language branches: within a family there are smaller “branches” of languages that are more closely related (English on Germanic branch, while Spanish is on Romance Branch)
- language groups: on each branch, there are smaller groups of very closely related languages (English, German, and Dutch are in the West Germanic group)
why is secularism followed?
followed because everyone can be treated fairly, freedom, peace, focus on public needs, modern world
what are the characteristics of universilizing religion vs ethnic Religons
Universilizing religions aim to attract followers from all over the world, regardless of culture through missionaries, etc
Ethnic Religons are tied to a specific ethnic group or religion and they do NOT spread unlike universalizing. often tied to sacred places (for ex Jewish, scared churches in syosset)
what made secularism increase?
Secularismm spread because of explanation through science, philosophies, separation of churches to state, urbanization
what is an urbanization
urbanization is when a person moves from cities to where they work
what are the most popular religions practiced in the world and where are they practiced in?
christianity (practiced in North America, South America, Europe, Austrailia basically worldwide)
Islam (mostly practiced in Indonesia, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and India, majority in south Asia)
unaffiliated (mostly practiced in Europe, North America, Asia Pacific)
Hinduism (mostly practiced in India, Nepal, and Maurtius)
Buddhism (Mostly followed in Asia such as Bhutan, Taiwanese, Japanese, Chinese, Cambodia, Thailand, Mongolia, laos)
Where did the world’s major religions originate, and how did they diffuse?
Christianity - Originiated in Judea/Juresalem and diffused through relocation diffusion (missionaries), roman emporers adopting the religion and growing, europeans spreading Christianity to the world AKA universalizing religion
Islamic - Originiated in Mecca in the 7th century CE and diffused through spread from trading
Buddhism - originiated in Northern India (modern day Nepal) spread through trading routes such as the Siolk Road, spread throughout Asia (relocation diffusion)
Hinduism - Originiated at the iNdus river valley spreaded throughout south Asia from laborers
Judaism - Started in Israel and Plaestine over 4000 years ago
spread from diaspora
What is diaspora and why does it happen?
When a group of people from their homeland scatters throughout the whole world
Why?
because migration, conflict, persecution, trading, or opportunities
What do fundamentalists think of the rise of secularism?
They see secularism as a threat to their religions, beliefs, traditions because it can weaken the tradition, go against their religious teachings
what are syncretic religions?
key word: SYNC
the combination of rituals, teachings, and religious laws from multiple different religions (including elements of myths, practices, etc)
what are some examples of syncretic religions?
Voodoo: African + Catholiscm
Sikhism: Combines Indian Hinduism + Islamic
Santeria: Merges with Yoruba (African) + Catholism
Shinto -Buddhism - Japanese Shintoism + Buddhism from China
Islamic + Hinduism = Buddhism
What are ways that religion is seen in the cultural landscapes?
Through architecture, sacred sites, Burial/cremation, Toponym
How is religion seen in cultural landscapes?
Religion influences its cultural landscape through architecture, sacred sites, Burial/cremation pratcies, and toponyms
- in architecture, there are religous structure incorporated for example (Christian churches with steeples, Islamic mosques include minarets building and domes, Buddhism with stupas deisgned for mediation)
- in sacred sites, religions create pilgrim sites
- cemeteries can vary in design for example gravestones, family plots, etc. where its placed) Hinduism often practices cremation in rivers
what are toponyms
toponyms are the study of a place name
how can religion affect toponyms?
religion influences the place names reflecting on the history of a religion
for example:
St Louis: named after saint Louis, catholic king of France
what role does religion play in the conflicts of space/territory
-conflicts can arise when multiple religious groups claim the same territory as holy/essential, religious
-nationalism (when a specific religion is tied to the identity of a nation leading to disagreements between different countries or ethnic groups
-relgiosu groups seek to spread their faith which can lead to tensions
-general religious divisions
what is interfaith conflict?
when people from different religions fight because of their differences in beliefs, practices, or values. through disagreements
ex: fight over a sacred sites
what is INTRAfaith conflict?
When people within the same religion disagree or fight with each other over different practices, beliefs, or interpretations of teachings
can you give me examples of interfaith conflict?
Israel Palestine conflict:
religious fights between the Jewish and the Muslims over the city of jerusalem (sacred to both Religons)
The crusades:
series of religious wars between Christians and Muslims in the middle ages for control over Jerusalem and other holy sites
inda-pakistan conflict:
the conflict between Hinduism’s and Muslims becaause both religions have different wants of different territories like Kashmir
give me examples of intrafatih conflict?
sunni and shia conflict:
conflict between Islam and sunni Muslims because of disagreements over leadership following the death of prophet Muhammad
protestants vs Catholics:
conflict between protestors and Catholics (both are Christian) but with different beliefs about the authority of the pope and other religious practices
can you explain what fundamentalism is
the practices/beliefs of a religion
what is extremism?
hardheaded people who hold very strong beliefs in religion, politics, or social issues unwilling to accept other viewpoints
what are the major language families and where are they usually spoken?
- indo European - includes languages spoken in Europe, parts of Asia, and the Americas
- Sino-Tibetan: Spoken in east Asia, southeast Asia, parts of south Asia
- Afro- Asiatic: found mainly in North Africa, the horn of Africa, and parts of the middle east
- niger-congo: primarily spoken in sub-saharan Africa
- Austronesian: spoken in south east Asia, Pacific island, and madagascar
what are dialects
a version of a language spoken by people in a specific place or group having different words, pronunciations
what languages do indo Europeans speak?
English, Spanish, French, hini, Russian, German, Italian
what languages do sino-tebtans speak?
Mandarin, Chinese, Cantonese, TIbetan, Burmese
what language do afro-asiatic speak?
Arabic, Herbrew, Somali
what language do Austronesians speak?
Tagalog (Filipino), Javanese, Malaysian, Hawaiian
what are some examples of dialects?
people in australia say: flat
people in the US say: apartment
people in Australia say: lift
people in the US say: elevator
can you explain what are accents?
the way people pronounce a certain word varying based on cultural background
what is a sound shift?
when the way people pronounce word changes over time . happen from certain sounds in a langauge, making them sound different then how they use to be (ex: telephone theory)
what are deep rescontructions?
a method used to figure out how ancient languages or words might have sounded like (for ex: comparing different indo European languages, guessing the words and sounds that existed in the past)
what is language divergence?
when a language breaks down into different languages over time (when groups of people who speak the same language become isolated they live in different places and develop their own way of speaking that languages)
ex: latin to romance, old English to modern english,
what is language CONVERGENCE?
when two or more languages come together to result in a new language
ex: spanglish, creole, pidgin
what is pidgin vs creole
pidgin is a simplified version of a language with no rules helpful with languages barriers during trading used to communicate (no rules or ways to form sentences)
creole is another language that is formed from two other languages, becomes the primary language of an area
what are conquest vs agricultural theories?
conquest theory:
theory that when one group of people conquer another, the dominant group’s language replaces or influences the language of the people that were conquered
agricultural theories:
theory that languages spread through influence of culture, trade, and social interaction emphasizing cultural exchange (ex: the spread of Arabic across parts of north Africa and the middle east)
what in the world is a lingua franca?
a language that people who speak different native languages use to communicate usually for business (usually English or Swahili)
why do people speak lingua franca?
for more job opportunities
why is English used as lingua franca?
-The British empire conquering
-social media impact
-american running ww2
what is the impact of globalization and technology
technology:
1. technology made it easier for communication and for people to learn and use diff languages
2. new forms of communications (LOL, BRB) slangs
3. connected people worldwide allowing communities to form online
globalization:
1. lead to the mixing of cultures through media, trade, and traveling
2. businesses, entertainment and education use English and spanish as dominant languages
3. made it easier for people to move and walk around the world leading to the rise of people speaking multiple different languages
what is globalization?
globalization connects people from all over the world, making English more popular leading to smaller languages disappearing or changing
what are some monolingual state examples
40-50% of the population is monolingual such as Korea, China, Japan
what are multilingual state examples
43% of the population is multilingual German, France, United States of America
how can regionalism contribute to multilingual and monolingual states?
in monolingual states, one language is dominant and most people speak the same language, regionalism can increase with certain regions that have the same cultural identities
what is an official language?
what are the benefits and drawbacks of an official language
benefits: protects the language from extinctions, make communication easier and faster, improves nationals
drawbacks:
Stewart’s classification
- dialect continuum: languages or dialects that are spoken in regions that are geographically close to each other gradually combine
- dialects: variations of languages spoken in different regions or by different social groups
language endangerment and extinction causes
- globalization - as people come together, people often choose to speak more dominant languages like English, Spanish, or Mandarin shifting away from local languages
- cultural assimilation - when smaller groups turn into larger groups, more powerful culture,s they may want to adopt the dominant culture and language
3.economic pressure - people may abandon their native language for economic opportunities
- political policies - governments may want another language spoken over others
what is cultural assimilation
smaller groups that go into larger groups, usually adopting the bigger cultures languages and customs
