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Hist 1 - 4. Mary I > Religious Reforms > Flashcards

Religious Reforms Flashcards

1
Q

How did Mary do to reform country back to Catholicism?

A

Two main religious acts:
1) 1553 1st Act of Repeal restored Eng to the Act of Six Articles (H8 1539)
2) 1555 2nd Act of Repeal restored authority of Pope by restoring religious state back to 1529, before the Reformation

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2
Q

How was the early restoration of Catholicism greeted by society?

A
  • Trouble in some areas
  • Local ENTHUSIASM in MOST -> large sums of £ raised for conservative religious projects
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3
Q

What were the problems with Mary’s religious reforms?

A
  • Protestantism attracted Londoners and parts of South
    -Protestant Church was protected by statute law
  • Mbers of political elite had benefitted from buying monastic lands
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4
Q

How did Mary begin cautiously?

A
  • 7 prominent Prot Bishops lost their livings (some imprisoned)
  • Foreign protestants ordered to leave the country - most left voluntarily
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5
Q

What was the 1553 1st Act of Repeal?

A

Mary’s 1st Parliament began the legislative attack on Protestantism

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6
Q

What were the terms of the 1st Act of Repeal?

A
  • Repeal of religious laws passed during EdVI reign
  • Order of service from 1547 restored
  • Married clergy deprived of their livings
  • Legal status of Ch of Eng upheld
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7
Q

What was M’s dilemma with the 1st Act of Repeal?

A
  • Relying on parliamentary legislation to reserve royal supremacy meant acknowledging the original laws by H8 = legally valid
  • Would force M to accept superiority of statute law over divine law = opposite of her own belief
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8
Q

What happened at M’s 3rd parliament in Nov 1554-Jan 1555?

A
  • Process delayed due to issue of monastic lands in private hands
  • Made clear to Pope Julius III + legate Reginald Pole = land would NOT be restored to Ch. Renard (imperial ambassador to Charles V) had told Charles there was more ex monastic lands in hands of Caths not Prot
  • Pope and Pole wanted Eng church to submit Rome first before dispensations might be awarded to landowners on individual basis
  • Council, Charles + Philip = aware this submission = politically impossible. Therefore Pope reluctantly accepted Charles’ advice.
    -> Once this is agreed then Cardinal Pole arrived in Eng in Nov 1554 to take position as legate and Arch Bishop of Canterbury
  • Parli reversed Henrician Act of Attainder (fr H) v Pole
  • Until issue of church lands = resolved = no final reli settlement
  • Furious debates bet. Pole + Councillors who said no foreigner should have jurisdiction over Eng property. Many sympathised with Pole - even threatening abdication (not mean it!)
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9
Q

What happened at Jan 1555 2nd Act of Repeal?

A
  • Royal Supremacy = revoked
  • Pole’s reputation never recovered from his attitude towards church property
  • Mary forced to acknowledge jurisdiction of statute law in matters involving religion
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10
Q

What happened after death of Pope Julius III 1555?

A
  • Succeeded by anti-sp Pope Paul IV
  • Paul IV hostile to Philip and regarded Pole as a heretic
  • Paul IV openly hostile towards Sp side in a war 1555 against Fr - Eng was later dragged in -> Mary at war with papacy
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11
Q

What was Paul IV’s attitude to Pole?

A
  • Paul IV dismissed Pole as legate April 1557 = blow to Pole’s prestige but also meant he could no longer act on behalf of pope supervising Eng church
  • Paul IV accused Pole of heresy but Mary refused to send him to Rome to face charges
  • New legate = Peto but Mary refused to recognise him as trusted Pole. Led to difficult legal relationship between Mary and the Pope.
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12
Q

What happened after the 2nd Act of Repeal 1555?

A
  • Mary went after a ‘carrot and stick approach’ to enforcing her settlement.
  • ‘carrot’ approach was unprecedented and ambitious educational programme to train new priests into Catholic faith and use them to educate the laity.
  • ‘stick’ approach was to revive the heresy laws in 1555 and burn protestants
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13
Q

How did Mary get her nickname as ‘Bloody Mary’?

A
  • Burning of protestants
  • It was recorded in John Foxes ‘Book of Martyrs’
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14
Q

When was John Foxes ‘Book of Martyrs’ published and what did it say about Mary?

A
  • 1563 (E’s reign)
  • Mary was condemned for her cruelty and ungodliness
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15
Q

Who was burned at the stake?

A
  • 289 Protestants, (237 men, 52 women)
  • Some famous; Archbishop Cranmer, bishops Hooper and Ridley, 21 other clergy
  • Bulk of victims were from humble origins (poor)
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16
Q

Looking at who was burned, what does it suggest about the impact of Protestantism in England?

A
  • It was important to a lot of people and not just for financial gain.
17
Q

If you consider the effects of the burnings, what evidence is there that the Crown’s policies did not achieve their objectives? (to frighten people into converting back to Catholicism)

A
  • Crown’s strategy misfired
  • First two victims = chosen because of popularity as preachers led to widespread public sympathy at their deaths
  • Deaths of more humble people led to sympathy as martyrs
18
Q

What evidence is there that the Council were worried about the effects of the burnings?

A
  • Banned servants, apprentices and the young from attending
  • Ultimately failed to extinguish heresy (Protestantism)
19
Q

What could the failure of the burnings in Eng be down to?

A
  • Lack of time
  • Mary and Pole rather than a strength of popular feeling
20
Q

How did the burnings reflect on Mary’s reputation as queen?

A

Ruined her reputation -> unpopular

21
Q

How did Cardinal Pole see his role?

A

Pastoral terms - restore the resources of the church and improve the quality and amount of priests

22
Q

How did Pole ensure the quality of pastoral provision?

A
  • His new bishops took their pastoral responsibilities seriously
  • Pole made his expectations clear in the legatine synod of 1555-56:
    1. Bishops had to live in their diocese
    2. Had to preach there and supervise the religious life there
    3. Proposed that a seminary (priest training college) be attached to every cathedral - never enforced
23
Q

What affected Pole’s chances?

A
  • Lack of time
  • Commitment needed at parish level: parishes in Catholic Lancashire or Durham were very supportive and appointed many committed priests. Kent and South reluctant to conform. Wide spread variation in the City of London.
24
Q

To what extent did Mary transform the religious situation by 1558?

A
  • Bulk of country remained Catholic in sentiment
  • Given time and resources Pole and Mary might have succeeded in their mission to re Catholicise Eng
  • More could have been achieved in the time they had. There was a delay in properly restoring the church’s institutional structure and divisions between Crown and Papacy did not help.

Hist 1 - 4. Mary I (7 decks)

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