Intellectual developments

Question 1

How much influence of humanism was there in Mary’s reign?

Answer 1

• Little influence
• No scope for development of evangelical humanism
• Pole’s governance of the church wasn’t influenced
• Catholic church wanted to disassociate itself with humanism
• Pope Paul IV thought Erasmus was a heretic and put his books on list of prohibited works

Question 2

How was other religious thought helping the parish reform designed?

Answer 2

• Not based on humanism
• Based on re-establishing Catholicism in Parishes and very practically thought out
• Edmund Bonner, Bishop of London explained reestablishment of Catholicism in straightforward way
• A new book of homilies was published, which stressed Papal Supremacy of Church.
• Pope Paul IV - ironic, he was hostile to Bonner
• IF Pole and Mary had outlived Pope Paul the nature of Eng Catholicism would have developed a different form compared to pre-Reformation

Question 3

How were Protestants divided?

Answer 3

• Protestants in exile kept sending publications back to Eng, but divided among themselves
• Some wanted to use 1552 Prayer Book
• Some wanted to go in a more radical direction
• Foxe spent his time in exile collecting evidence on the persecution of protestants -> Book of Martyrs published in E’s reign
• William Wittingham began a translation of the bible from Latin to English - it was treated with suspicion by the church authorities after 1558

Question 4

What are historians’ views on Mary and Pole?

Answer 4

Disdain:
- Traditionally Mary and Pole have been viewed as inevitable failures

Yet there had been positive advances:
- Despite her reputation being ruined by her persecution of Protestants, there were many positive advances in the church and the future of Catholicism in Eng might have been very different IF she had ruled for longer