Religious Changes Flashcards
1
Q
What were all of Edward VIs policy’s for religion in order?
A
Book of Homilies July 1547
Royal Injunctions July 1547
Dissolution Of Chantries Nov 1547
Repeal of the Six Articles Nov 1547
Iconoclasm Feb 1548- Dec 1549
Prayer Books 1549- Jan 1552
Act of Uniformity Jan 1549- Apr 1552
42 Articles Nov 1552
Treason Act
2
Q
What was Edward’s policy of Book of Homilies July 1547?
A
-Series of Protestant sermons for House priests who were unable to preach effectively.
-It allowed the government to put across reformist religious views (Protestant).
- Somerset was driving force and mainly written by Thomas Cranmer.
- Focus on justification of faith.
- Effect- prevented catholic preaching.
3
Q
What was Edward’s policy of Royal Injunctions July 1547?
A
- Injunction= orders issued for the implementation of church policy either by Crown exercising the royal supremacy or by individual bishops.
- Ordered clergy to preach in English and have an English Bible in the church.
- Reasserted by Thomas Cranmer, much more radical and forbade the burning of lights, destruction of images including stained glass, abolitions of all processions, bell ringing discouraged and attacks on traditional practices at candlemas, Ash Wednesday and Palm Sunday.
- Submitted through advice of Somerset.
- Effect- removed superstitious images.
4
Q
What was Edward’s policy of Dissolution of Chantries Nov 1547?
A
-Protestants do not believe in purgatory.
- Prayers sung in chantries to speed the dead on through purgatory.
- Chantries- small religious houses to support a priest who sung the masses for the dead.
- Somerset was driving force because he needed money.
- Effect- commissioners sent out to confiscate their land and to collect gold and silver plate. Coins were melted down and made into coins (led to inflation).
- Edward and Somerset were Protestant so no need for chantries.
5
Q
What was Edward’s policy of Repeal of the Six Articles Nov 1547?
(What was the 6 articles)
A
The 6 articles were….
- Called an ‘Act of Abolishing Diversity Of Opinions’.
- Protestants ‘A whip with 6 strings’.
- Reinforced Catholicism
- Made provisions for burning heretics.
- Political defeat for Cranmer and Cromwell.
- Occassion of further persecution of Protestants by the man who politically broke the power of the church.
- It restored lots of Catholic Doctrine.
- Once removed by driving force of Somerset.
- Effect- removed key Catholic doctrines.
6
Q
What was Edward’s policy of Iconoclasm Feb 1548- Dec 1549?
A
- Did not make any distinction between acceptable of unacceptable religious changes.
- Commissioners travelled the land taking inventory and seizing what items were left in abused churches.
- By Edward’s death, churches in England lost much of the medieval splendour that they once maintained.
- Those objects that weren’t destroyed were hidden underground in hopes of resurfacing during reign of the Catholic Queen Mary.
7
Q
What was Edward’s policy of Prayer Books 1549- Jan 1552?
A
- First written in English, but a compromise feigned to appeal to moderate catholics and Protestants.
- Second made fully Protestant (Northumberland).
- Both written by Thomas Cranmer.
- Progression between prayer books clearly shows a move towards Protestantism under Northumberland.
- First faced western rebellion 1549 and the eventual execution of Somerset.
- Considered white moderate as it was based on a catholic book. Allowing Eucharist to remain implied traditional Catholic transubstantiation.
- Second- Could be considered extreme as the sacrificial element of Catholicism was reduced and Cranmer was more radical now.
8
Q
What was Edward’s policy of Act of Uniformity Jan 1549- Apr 1552?
A
- 1549- made the prayer book the official service (Somerset).
- 1552- the second prayer book was the official service and it was an offence not to tang church- absenteeism (Northumberland).
- By 1552, mass had been removed and Catholic doctrines gone.
- Extreme reformers did not approve (still expected to kneel).
9
Q
What was Edward’s policy of 42 Articles Nov 1552?
A
- They set out beliefs of Edwardian Church and we’re highly Protestant.
- Includes belief In justification by faith alone.
- Edward’s death, they never became law- but they would be the basis of Elizabeth’s religious policy’s.
(Northumberland and Cranmer).
10
Q
What was Edward’s policy of Treason Act?
A
-Northumberland proposed idea in 1550 and in 1552 it was reinforced and made harder- to enforce the doctrinal uniformity.
- Made it an offence to question the royal supremacy or any other articles of faith of the English Church.
11
Q
What were all of Mary Is policy’s for religion in order?
A
Acts of Repeal 1553/55
Royal Injunctions March 1554
Restore Heresy Laws Nov 1554
Bonners Book of Homilies 1555
12 Decrees 1555
Persecution of Protestants 1555
Parliamentary Resistance
Marian Exiles
12
Q
What was Mary’s policy of Acts of Repeal 1553/55?
A
- They passed an act of repeal which undid all of the Edwardian reformation.
- Revived mass and transubstantiation.
- Restored church to what it had been in 1547 under the Act of the 6 Articles.
- Archbishop Cranmer was arrested.
- Hooper and Latimer were imprisoned.
- Parliament met and refused repeal of Act of Supremacy.
- Mary gave up title of supreme Head of the Church.
13
Q
What was Mary’s policy of Royal Injunctions March 1555?
A
- Ordered bishops to suppress heresy, remove married clergy, re-ordain clergy who had been ordained under English Ordinal and restore Holy Days.
- Bishop Gardiner deprived married priests of their livings.
- In Norwich, 243 priests lost their posts.
- 10-25% of clergy were deprived for marriage.
14
Q
What was Mary’s policy of Restore Heresy Laws Nov 1554?
A
- Resulted in leading Protestants being tried for heresy, being found guilty and executed.
- First burning of stake took place Feb 4th 1555.
- Feb 9th, John Hooper (former bishop of Gloucester) was burned in Gloucester.
- March 1556, Ridley, Latimer, Cranmer all burned at stake.
- 274 Protestants were executed by Bloody Mary.
15
Q
What was Mary’s policy of Bonners Book of Homilies 1555?
A
- Bishop Edmund Bonner had contributed to Cranmers book.
- This was a success and led him to create his own.
- His first book fell into disuse when Mary took throne.
- Bonner produced new collection of 13 Homilies to replace the old for brief years when Protestants like Cranmer were martyred for their innovations.
- Book was commissioned by Pole to help the clergy.
- But they didn’t have much chance to be implemented.
16
Q
What was Mary’s policy of 12 decrees 1555?
A
- Westminster synod approved the Twelve decrees.
- These established seminaries (colleges for priests) and an increase in discipline against abuses such as absenteeism, pluralism, simony and heresy.
17
Q
What was Mary’s policy of Persecution of Protestants 1555?
A
-Bishops Ridley and Latimer were burned for heresy in Oxford (martyrs).
- Pole was named Archbishop of Canterbury as Cranmer lost his position and burned at the stake match 1556.
- 1558- 5 Protestants burned at stake in Canterbury.
- In all, 300 people were executed during Mary’s reign.
- John Roger, biblical translated became first Protestant Martyr- he burned under the restored heresy laws.
18
Q
What was Mary’s policy of Parliamentary Resistance?
A
- Mary’s coronation was met with popularity because of her name. She mistook this support for desire of religious change.
- Key moment was denouncing royal supremacy (reinstall papal authority). Parliament was controversial- even Gardiner warned her about restoring the pope.
- 1555- Gardiner died and Mary advanced her Catholic ideas- burning more heretics. Gardiner had somewhat restrained her.
- Wasn’t huge amount of Parliamentary resistance as key components fled the country (Marian exiles).
19
Q
What was Mary’s policy of Marian exiles?
A
- Throughout 1553-58 about 800 committed Protestants left England to avoid persecution from Mary. They moved to countries like Switzerland.
- These people were mainly gentry and clergy. Although there would have been more Protestants in England that couldn’t afford to move.
20
Q
What religious legacy did Henry VIII leave his succession?
A
-His son Edward had Protestant teachers and he was brought up as a strict Protestant.
-Head of the church after break with Rome and Act of Supremacy 1534- head of Church of England, originally a catholic- defender of the faith.
-Bible in English 1639.
- Act of 6 articles 1539- clear statement England still Catholic.
- Protestants who denied Catholic faith were prosecuted and even burned.
- Henry never became a Protestant (he set up Church of England but never fully followed Protestant ideas).
- Closest advisors and two of Henry’s wives were Protestant.
21
Q
What is Episcopacy?
A
The body of bishops that presided over the dioceses (districts) of the Anglican Church.
22
Q
What is Anabaptist?
A
A Protestant (extremist) who believed in the primacy of the Bible, adult baptism rather than infants also the complete separation of the Church and state (they burned books).
23
Q
What is a veneration of image?
A
The worshipping of an image.
24
Q
What is a diocese?
A
A district under the pastoral care of a bishop.
25
Who was Thomas Cranmer- the Archbishop of Canterbury under Henry VIII and Edward VI?
-Helped build case for annulment of Henry’s marriage to Catherine of Aragon.
- Supporter royal supremacy- the King is leader in all aspects.
- Under Henry, Cranmer made no radical changes in Church due to power struggles between religious conservatives and reformists.
- Edward on throne, Cranmer was able to promote major reforms- Edward tutors were strong Protestants unlike Henry.
26
What was stage 1 of Edward’s reformation?
The Destructive Phase
- 1547 attacking Catholicism, removing jet Catholic doctrines (Dissolution to chantries, repeal of 6 articles, royal injunctions).
27
What was stage 2 of Edward’s reformation?
Unofficial State of Limbo
- 1548 actions left the church without an official doctrinal position. Lifting of treason and heresy laws led to surge of radical Protestantism (hard to control).
28
What was stage 3 of Edward’s reformation?
Formative Change
- Dec 1548-50 A Protestant form a worship and belief was established. Number of ceremonial changed were made (transubstantiation).
29
What was stage 4 of Edward’s reformation?
Task Completed
- 1552 onwards- further reforms saw the establishment of full Protestantism.
30
What was England like under both Somerset and Northumberland?
They were both very radical Protestants so they wanted to make england as Protestant as possible.
31
To what extent was Edward’s reformation slow and incomplete?
1 - fast
9- slow
1- Treason Act
42 Articles
Dissolution of Chantries
Prayer Books
Repeal of 6 articles
Act of Uniformity
Iconoclasm
Royal Injunctions
9- Book of Homilies
32
To what extent was Mary’s Catholic restoration successful?
1- successful
8- not successful
1- Restore Heresy Laws
Acts of repeal
Persecution of Protestants
Royal Injunctions
12 Decrees
Bonners Book of Homilies
Parliamentary Resistance
8- Marian Exiles
33
(Under Northumberland) What were the events of 1549 expected to do?
Dampen government moves towards Protestantism.
34
(Under Northumberland) What was it that made further Protestant moves available to do?
Northumberland’s triumph in 1550
35
(Under Northumberland) What did the new Ordinal in January 1550 make apparent?
Revised the procedure for the ordination of priests. Did not satisfy shopper who was annoyed by the swearing of an oath to saints and the need to wear a surplice. Resulted in battle with Cranmer and Ridley and Hooper was imprisoned for preaching. He then became bishop of Gloucester but his experience in diocese reveal his problems.
It made apparent the religious direction.
36
(Under Northumberland) What were the difficulties in imposing religious changes?
Bishop Hopper tried to set rules like salvation of faith, condemning prayers and worships for dead and to teach communion of no Catholicism (body=bread).
Martin Bucer states the churches don’t have rules or a doctrine more qualified clergymen. The ordinary people are struggling to hear. The bishops will not act without an Act from parliament. He wishes for Duke of Somerset to reform the church.
37
(Under Northumberland) What are the visible efforts made to remove difficulties of imposing religious changes?
July 1547- Royal Injunctions removed superstitious images.
February 1548- All images removed.
December 1549- Proclamation orders destruction of remainder of images.
38
(Under Northumberland) What did Northumberland for the grip on power allowed to do?
Further religious changes take place. Conservative bishops (Gardiner) were deprived of their sees (dioceses) and gave reformists a majority among bishops.
39
(Under Northumberland) What did Parliament do when they met in January 1552?
The government was able to embark on a large-scale programme of Protestant reform.
40
(Under Northumberland) What was the most noticeable move towards Protestantism?
The Second Prayer Book. This was the basis for church services and had to be used.
41
(Under Northumberland) How well did England transition to Protestantism?
Not well which led to rebellion against the new forms of worship and prayers. This led to Edward imposing a second prayer book.
42
(Under Somerset) When Henry VIII died in 1547, what religion was England?
The Church was still largely Catholic although without the pope as the head of church.
43
(Under Somerset) What was there a still major support for?
Traditional practices and that major changes such as the Dissolution of Chantries and the Monasteries provoked large-scale unrest. Many Catholic practices were still in place.
44
(Under Somerset) If Somerset wanted to introduce Protestantism, what would be his first task?
To remove all Catholic practices.
45
(Under Somerset) Why was it a problem for Somerset trying to introduce Catholicism?
He would have to win over the hearts and minds of the English people which is a long, hard task.
46
(Under Somerset) What was Somersets initial policy?
It was quite cautious and slow. Old practices were destroyed and there was little evidence of putting in a fully reformed church. Not surprising as Somerset was a moderate Protestant.
47
(Under Somerset) What we’re bishops and clergy opposed to?
Change and the bishops were divided by views.
48
(Under Somerset) What did the government began to do?
Review the condition of the Church through a royal visitation, which examined the state of the clergy, the doctrine and practices of the church.
49
(Under Somerset) These cautious moves towards Protestantism did not satisfy what?
More radical elements with the church.
50
(Under Somerset) Why was Edward’s age an issue?
People said there should be no religious changes until he was 18 due to Henry’s will.
51
(Under Somerset) What happened to the Treason Act?
Repealed by government which meant that radicals were now free to discuss and demand more radical reforms as restrictions on what could be said were lifted.
52
(Under Somerset) Why were the wars in Scotland important?
It meant that Parliament were in a stronger position to bring in Protestant measures.
53
(Under Somerset) What Catholic practices remained despite Act of Uniformity?
Fast days
Holy days
Catholic belief in purgatory
Worship of saints
54
(Under Somerset) What did Hooper find in his diocese?
What did this show?
Out of 311 clergy, 10 could not recite the Lord’s Prayer and 171 didn’t know the Ten Commandments.
This shows how difficult a task it would be to enforce Protestantism however others also suggest the thoroughness and efficiency as a clear sign the leadership of the church was willing to take action to ensure change.
55
(Under Somerset) What happened by the time of Somsersets fall?
Most of the old Catholic traditions and practices had been attacked and progression to Protestantism was slow.
56
To what extent did Somerset make England Protestant?
Still partly Catholic.
Many ceremonial changes introduced but doctrine changed lacked implementation.
Many people opposed changes.
Although there were some Protestant changes, they were moderate and even they met with opposition and uprisings.
57
How Protestant was England by 1553?
England was officially Protestant but it did not mean that people actively supported the religious changes under Somerset and Northumberland.
Must also be remembered that Edward ruled for only 6 years and given the lack of popular support for Protestantism and his accession, it was incredibly difficult to change the nations belief in such a short period.
58
What is the evidence for the Edwardian Reformation being successful?
- Policies subtly introduced (moderate/ gradual change) which meant the transition was peaceful (few rebellions).
- Law and Church worked together eg treason Act and Act of Uniformity.
- Much more Protestant than before Edwards reign.
- Edward was a minor and only on throne for 6 years (he didn’t do a bad job).
- Church warden accounts suggest reforms had been carried out.
59
What is the evidence for the Edwardian Reformation not being successful?
- Localised- Protestantism only had firm hold on South East (London and East Anglia). The North was still very Catholic.
- Easily overthrown by Mary and people converted back to Catholic, shows it was never fully grounded.
- Because it was introduced gradually and moderately, practices were easily avoided by clergy and laity- failed by not being pushed through firmly enough.
- There was change in Doctrine but a change in belief/ practice did not fully occur.
- Argument to suggest England was secular (no religion) during this transition period, and Historians are too quick to asian religions to a country.
60
What is Eucharist?
The blood/ meal aspect of the feast of Christ.
61
What is transubstantiation?
Catholicism- The wine and bread is ACTUALLY the body and blood- “the changing”.
62
What were Mary’s religious opinions?
She was extremely Catholic and believes her subjects should follow Catholicism too. She accepts that Edward had tried to make an influence with Protestantism but threatens to punish those who disrupts. She also believes ballads should be Latin.
63
What is Mary’s major concern?
She definitely knows that she wants Catholicism implemented. Her major concern is her subjects not following her into Catholicism and disrupting the public. She does not want anyone to print anymore english books without permission.
64
What were some peoples doubts when Mary came to the throne and set out her royal decree for religious matters?
- they had doubts her sims were to undo religious changes since 1529
- restore papal authority
- restore traditional Catholic practices (images, candles)
- reestablish monasteries
- end clerical marriage
- persecute those who did not agree with her views
- secure a long term future for Catholicism by marrying and having an heir.
65
How did people welcome Mary to the throne?
With great enthusiasm
Bells ring
Parliament sing mass
66
What happened in Oxford and London when Mary came to the throne?
Chalices reappeared and an alter and cross were set up where mass was said and was followed by 6 other churches in the capital the next day.
67
How do we know Mary’s coming to the throne was welcome?
Large numbers attended her coronation.
68
Mary’s stubbornness meant what for the papal authority?
She did not understand the implications of abandoning the Royal supremacy and restoring papal authority. She failed to see that most staunch catholics had remained loyal to the Tudor state under both her father and half brother and had profited considerably from events such as the Dissolution of the monasteries.
69
What were Charles V and the pope, Julius III, concerned about or Mary?
That she would proceed too quickly and provoke unrest that might threaten her position as Queen.
70
What is persecution?
Mistreatment of an individual.
71
What is a seminary?
Training college for Priests.
72
What is a martyr?
Someone who dies for what they believe in.
73
How successfully did Mary enforce her religious settlement?
England was officially Catholic again by 1553 but took longer to ensure the people worshipped the Catholic way. Mary believed the vast majority would do so anyway, but what would be done for the stubborn few who refused to worship the catholic way.
74
What was the impact of the burnings during Mary’s reign?
-Mary did not burn straight away, it took a few years- started at the reintroduction of the heresy laws in 1555.
- 300 burnings at the stake.
- 51 women killed.
- Most burnings happened in South East London, Canterbury, Colchester.
- Many we’re ordinary citizens.
75
What did John Foxe do?
- Wrote a book called “book of martyrs” (known as acts and monuments) which had detail on the burnings.
- He was academic, a strong Protestant, evangelical.
- However he was in exile during Mary’s Reign so he WAS NOT PRESENT- his knowledge is limited.
- Did not publish book until 1563 during Elizabeth’s reign- when he tried to impress her.
- we can question his VALIDITY.
76
What opposition did Mary meet in parliament?
Parliament refused to repeal the Act of Supremacy, suggesting anti-papal feeling. They did this because they were worried Mary was moving too fast into restoring Catholicism.
77
How was the Wyatt Rebellion a big sign of disaffection during Mary’s reign?
This happened BEFORE Mary’s radical religious changes= evidence.
- Displeasure with religious changes.
- Was a reaction to the fear of a Spanish marriage and resulting in imposed changes.
78
Describe the Mariam Exiles during Mary’s reign.
-All exiles were very wealthy (poor people couldn’t afford to leave England).
- The exiles we’re 800 Protestants who left England to avoid persecution (went to Switzerland and Germany).
- They were mainly gentry and clergy.
- At the start of Mary’s reign, many waited to see what she imposed by eventually they left.
79
Describe the changes to the married clergy once Mary started her reign.
After the Royal Injunction, they were deprived of jobs as Priests unless they left their wives.
80
Why did Mary had to be cautious with her Second Act of Repeal in 1554?
This repealed all religious legislation since 1529 and after, Mary was forced into a compromise with landowners. The Act protected the property rights of those who had bought church land since 1536. It demonstrated that Mary HAD TO recognise the authority of Parliament in religious matters but, it would also prevent a full-scale restoration of Catholicism is not a lot of monday ties could refounded.
81
How popular were Mary’s policies at all levels?
Ostensibly
Not that popular as they were trying to force her to not do it.
They were popular on the surface.
Didn’t meet goals straight away.
Burnings.
Mistook support and thought it was for Catholicism it was only because she was a Tudor.
82
Why were London, Canterbury and Colchester the most popular areas for burnings to take place?
Closer to London which is close to Ports where other countries like Germany were also largely Catholic. Greater concentration of Protestants, authorities put pressure on locals to act whereas far away regions were less susceptible to pressure from central government.
83
A number of alternate explanations were put forward to explain the delays in persecution such as..
The declaration of war against france in 1557, JPs were unpaid- they couldn’t be bothered with their other jobs (vagrancy, social issues) so why make religious issues different.
84
Ridley, Latimer and Cranmer were burnt in 1555 and 56. Some argued this was a mistake to burn Cranmer because…
Cranmer had committed treason by supporting Lady Jane Grey. It showed that because Cranmer was burnt and not executed, it showed courage to his faith.
85
The death of Gardiner in November 1555 was significant because..?
It removed a restraining influence on Mary. Although he had initially encouraged the persecution of Protestants, believing that it would scare extremists into submission, he soon became aware that it was not working and was hardening opposition. His death was followed by increased persecution (274 in the last 3 years) as Mary believed it was her duty to remove heresy.
86
Large numbers attended the burnings which showed what?
Suggests that these spectacles in which the law took its due course. There is even evidence to suggest these spectacles were welcomed by large numbers including Kent cherry growers.
87
It’s difficult to determine the impact of the burnings because why?
Some have argued that it did too much damage to Mary’s popularity while some have suggested that the persecution of Protestants was not a success, nor a disaster- it did not help the Catholic cause, it did not do much harm.
88
Why was England a Catholic country by 1558 and therefore Mary was successful, give evidence?
-Mary had created a big influence for Catholicism through her burnings.
- Acts of Repeal undid Edwards Protestant changes.
- Mary restored Papal Authority.
- She reestablished traditional traditions.
- Reestablish + transubstantiation- ceremonial changes.
- Key people from government left the country- Protestants had no support (fearful).
- Was very established as it took Elizabeth a LONG time to convert the country back to Protestantism.
89
Why was England NOT a Catholic country by 1558 and therefore Mary was successful, give evidence?
- But most people didn’t convert to Catholicism and staged faithful.
- Edward had already gotten rid of Catholic Churches so most of them converted religion.
- Didn’t secure a Catholic future because she had no children.
- Mary’s lack of popularity.
- Refusal for Act of Supremacy.
- Mary did not have TIME before she died to change the country’s whole religion.
90
What is the overall conclusion about the extent of Englands Catholicism under Marys reign?
Mary was successful during her time but once she died, Elizabeth had converted the country back to Protestantism so her work was useless.
