History (Tudors) > Religious Change > Flashcards
Religious Change Flashcards
book of homolies and royal injunctions
July 1547
dissolution of chantries
November 1547
images to be removed
February 1548
first book of common prayer
December 1548
first act of uniformity
january 1549
new ordinal
January 1550
stone altars replaced with wood tables
November 1550
2nd book of common prayer
january 1552
2nd act of uniformity
april 1552
42 articles
november 1552
arrest of Cranmer, Latimer, Hooper and Ridley
September 1553
Act of repeal passed
september 1553
royal injunctions
march 1554
heresy laws passed
april 1554
cardinal pole returns to england, excommunication lifted
november 1554
2nd act of repeal
november 1554
john rogers 1st protestant martyr
november 1554
Latimer and Ridley burned for heresy
October 1555
Pole appointed Archbishop of Canterburry after deprivation of Cranmer
December 1555
Cranmer burned
March 1556
Pole recalled to Rome for Hersey but Mary refuses to let him go
June 1557
Mary and Pole die
November 1558
what was the religious settlement when Edward came to the throne
largely Catholic without Pope as head of the church. Support for Catholic practices, big change = unrest (dissolution of monasteries). Catholicism 1st needed to be removed
What was Somerset’s general religious policy and why?
to proceed cautiously as the country was divided (bishops undecided or opposed change, lower clergy opposed to change like most of population but East Anglia and London in favor), he was not strongly protestant himself. Removed Catholic practices but didn’t reform church.
What were some of the first cautious steps the govt took?
Royal visitation- inspect state of clergy, doctrine and practices
Book of Homilies- model sermons
Erasmus’ Paraphrases in every church
Sermons every Sunday, English services and bible in every church
What were the issues with the govt’s initially cautious steps toward Protestantism?
didn’t satisfy radicals but many wanted to follow Henry’s direction not to change religion until Edward was 18
Why was the Chantires Act created in 1547?
attack on superstition of praying for the dead but likely to help war in Scotland
What was the problem with repealing the Treason Acct
radical ideas free to be discussed with attacks on images and altars. Pamphlets attacking mass. Hard to control after repeal so they made proclamations but had to ban public preaching in September 1548 which hindered spread of Protestantism
what prompted the Act of Uniformity and what did it dictate? what did the government hope about the act?
success of the campaign at Scotland.
scacraments: communion, baptism, confirmation, marriage and burial
clergy allowed to marry
singing for souls of dead banned
communion, matins & eve song in English
laity receive wine and bread
1st Book of Common Prayer law
But
Fast days and some holy days allowed
belief in purgatory and worshiping saints individual choice
Govt hoped this would satisfy moderate reformers
What other changes were there after 1548
Clergy fined or imprisoned for not using new service but recrusants were not
Visitations- see who new Lord’s Prayer and 10 commandments, this showed proactive leadership but highlighted how hard it would be to implement protestantism
evidence that change would be accepted/not accepted
Figures like Hooper to enforce it
Proactivity on part of govt
Opposition in Devon, Cornwall, Yorkshire, Hampshire and Oxfordshire which was strong enough to bring down Somerset
what spurred on further church reform
success with the rebels of 1549
Northumberland’s success in factional rivalry of PC between protestant and Catholics
what was the new ordinal and what did it result in
outlined new procedure to ordinate priests
Hooper opposed the use of vestments and swearing to saints
Resulted in a battle Ridley vs Cranmner
Hooper refused position as Bishop of Gloucester and imprisoned for continuing preaching
Compromise reached and Hooper took up post
what were some problems with enforcing protestant change under Northumberland
no agreed doctrine
insufficiently trained clergy
hard to enforce removal of images (July 1547: Injunctions order removal of superstitious images, Feb 1548: all images removed, Dec 1549: destruction of remainder of images)
what religious changes did Northumberland take in 1551 which allowed a large-scale program of Protestantism?
Deprived conservative Bishops of sees (Gradiner) which gave Protestants majority.
New Treason Act- offence to question church
2nd Act of Uniformity and 2nd Prayer Book which was basis for church services but not everyone believed this
explanation for limited success of religious change under Edward
only reigned for 6 years
lack of popular support for Protestantism
major moves only in last 2 months (2 PB and Act of Uniformity) so little time to make impact
42 article could never be enforced
evidence england was protestant
influence of clergy and theoligans
churches and services changed
constant exposure to Cranmer’s prayer book could have impact
regional variation eg accepted in london and east anglia
evidence enlgand wasn’t protestant
hard to enforce change eg image removal
many religious changes in short time made it hard to enforce
outward conformity only?
Prayer book rebellion but how far was this religious?
rapid catholic restoration under Mary
what was Mary’s own religious view
very catholic, sustained her after divorce and illegitamcy, saw Ed’s death as a miracle, didn’t seen problems with restoring papal authority or that many Catholics had gained from Edward and Henry’s reign
what were Mary’s religious aims, how were these initally recieved
undo religious change since 1529
restore papal authority
restore catholic practice and belief in transubstantiation
restore religious houses and status of priests
end clerical marriage
secure future for Catholicism by having heirs
persecute those who did not agree
Mary warmly welcomed with mass and reopening of Oxford Chalices. Cross and mass was set up at St Nicholas Abbey and 6 other churches in the capital.Big turn out for coronation- agree with religious views or support for legitimate ruler?
what potential problems did Mary face
Gardiner- concerns over restoring papal authority
Renard- concerns over restoring monasteries
Charles V and Julius III- restore Catholicism too quickly
What opposition was there to Mary’s religious changes?
Govt refused Act refused to repeal Act of Supremacy but passed Act of Repeal and within the year Mary gave up title of head of the church anyway.
Mary used Royal Prerogative to suspend 2nd Act of Uniformity and restored mass- little opposition
Dissatisfaction- Wyatt’s rebellion, protestants fleeing in 1554 to the continent but only the wealthy and many stayed to ride it out
Royal Injunctions restoring holy days, processions, ceremonies and deprivation of married clergy. Provoked little opposition and many gave up marriages
Hersey Laws rejected by Parliament- but more evidence of factional struggle between Gardner and Paget as later passed with Paget’s support when fears monastic land would be restored were allayed.
2nd Act of Repeal- Mary had to compromise with landowners to protect purchased church land which stopped widespread Protestantism as not many monasteries
What are the different possible impacts of the burning?
Foxe- lots of opposition and fires of Smithfield turned England Protestant
Others say the public was encouraged and impressed by dedication of those burnt.
View has been challenged recently.
Most burnings in South-east, London, canterburry and colchester
What was the reaction to the execution of Cranmer?
fueled by Mary’s hatred as he ended his mother’s marriage. Had opportunity to withdrawal his recantation of Protestantism which damaged catholic cause.
what was the impact of burning Gardiner
removed restraining force on Mary as he saw burnings were hardening opposition
resulted in an increase of burnings
What did the public think of the burnings
large crowds- had to be held early but perhaps due to disruptive apprentices rather than support
seen as a spectacle- people used crowds to sell cherries
had backing of local authorities who enforced the law- unpaid JPs were lax in completing all duties but letters from govt could suggest little enthusiasm to enforce burning or delays in burning because of 1557 war with France
how can the geography of the burning be explained
more in south east as more Protestants
or this was just closer to London so more pressure from government to enforce burnings.
evidence mary restored catholicism
Pole- Bishop visitations to check clerical behavior, enforced London Synod (made Priests carry out responsibilities and tried to stamp out pluralism and nepotism), new publications (Catholic NT and Book of Homilies), plans for seminaries to train future priests
Tried to control protestant literature and be proactive
sponsored pro govt writer Hograde and sermons at St. Paul’s cross
People willing to donate to restore churches, many improvements mass, altars, equipment, donations
Dissatisfaction more to do with long-term neglect
took Elizabeth a long time to establish Protestantism
evidence mary didn’t restore catholicism
her policies had little time to make an impact
churchgoers not affected by Pole’s improvements
lots of underground protestant material
prioritized providing clergy with book rather than ‘war of the words’
program of resorting churches phased and there were defects
examination of wardens of the diocese was exacting
churches neglected by Edward and no money for the upkeep
changes of Henry and Edward not totally undone
Mary didn’t produce heir
