Elizabeth in later years Flashcards
How did the war with Spain effect Elizabeth’s navy
Hawkins- makes and refits ships to be more efficient for war.
Merchant ships also can be called on
How did the war with Spain effect Elizabeth’s army?
Review and training of local militias. Artillery and guns to be made ready. JPs guard beacons and coasts Recusants were interned. Costal towns complain extra shipping because of recent subsidies- opposition to war
How was military leadership changed by the war with Spain?
Lord Howard- Lord Admiral (cousin of Queen but not very experienced). Well respected and worked well with Francis Drake. Earl of Leicester gathered army of 12, 000 at Tilbury
Lord Hunsdon had more troops in London aswell
How did the war with Spain affect English pride?
1588- Elizabeth’s speech at Tilbury showed war had boosted Nationalism and pride in army and England
How did the war effect the econonmy with regards salaries for soldiers?
Elizabeth had to take out loans and disband army and navy.
Hard to pay sailors in full and many died from poor conditions.
Admiral argued with Council for them reporting discontent nut money tight.
How did the war affect religion?
Defeat of Catholic superpower- E spun it to be blessed by God.
What was the effect after the Armada was defeated?
Lots of invasion scares and uneasiness.
Hard to repeat success of 1588 and no real strategy.
it was hard to catch the Spanish treasure fleet.
Elizabeth encouraged individuals to prey on Spanish ships as this was now legal.
It irritated investors when she took lots of money from treasure ships eg madre de dios
What were the economic effects of the war in France?
France- fear Spanish domination could be dangerous. Sent 14, 000 troops. Loans and gifts to Henry. He didn’t carry out seige of Rouen so seen as a waste. Argued over how much he owed. But stopped Domination of Spain.
What were the economic effects of the war in the Netherlands?
1588 sent Francis Vere- worked well to recapture land. Loans just enough for Dutch to win. Phillip II bankruptcy meant Elizabeth could withdraw support.
How did war affect the council?
Essex vs Cecil feud- had to take a side, Cecil wants peace and Essex war eg Cadiz
Council dropped in quality and agreement to ‘pet projects’ = less coherence of action
Cecil aged and lacking control but still promoted peace.
How did the war affect the court?
Officials were low on money so more open to bribery- increase in court corruption. Elizabeth couldn’t trust people eg Cecil open to bribes and support for James
What were the economic effects of war on govt?
Spent £4.5 million and £300, 000 surplus totally gone so hard to meet bills. She had to sell crown lands, cut court spending, patronage and keep positions vacant.
How did the war affect the succession
James wanted to be successor but only agreed not to bar him.
Used war to create pressure- stayed in contact with Pope, Spain etc but unlikely to act as he could lose chance at throne.
Didn’t help Essex and after he fell Robert cultivated relationship with James.
Much debate over succession.
How did the war affect the RC threat?
Most loyal to Queen but…
William Allen supported James who promised to make him Archbishop. Writes Admonition to the People and Nobility but largely ignored.
Some backed Isabella’s claim but most happy to wait for James who would be more tolerant.
Catholics not united enough- compromises such as Arch-priests. Jesuits willing to betray each other.
Outline the problem of bad harvests
Poor harvests in 1590s from heavy rain- prices double even grains which were normally cheap. Poor communication made it harder to transport surplus food. Dairy less affected as rain didn’t effect them. People starving to death, more vagrancy and theft.
Outline the problem of plague
Malnutrition meant less resistance. Big problem if main bread winner was dead. Every town effected. Quarantines were often ignored.
Outline the problem of overpopulation
Much more people to feed and plague spreads quickly. A million more people
What govt action was taken for social and economic problems
Quarrintine but ineffective
Forbade export of grain, less dogs as pets, considered Bills to protect land- too consumed with war to act.
How much unrest was there in England?
Low level- famine, plague etc. Complaints of monopolies and purveyance. Some refusal to pay ship money govt had to stop collection in London in 1596.
Army- some mutiny and desertion, general low quality of the army a problem
Food Riots- Kent, Sussex etc. Apprentices rebelling in London eg Tower Hill rebellion resulting in executions
Oxfirdshire Rising 1596- complain of enclosure and meet on Enslow Hill planning to throw them down and then march onto London to join apprentices. Was a ‘young man’s’ movement as they were the worst hit. Ringleaders executed and torture used. Serious threat or making an example? Very small, betrayed by a member and alienated people due to violent nature and lack of connections. Tilage Act- govt did recognize problem
Why was Tyrone such a threat? How effective was the govt in stopping him?
Could lead to a Spanish invasion if rebels let Spanish troops land. 1598 T captured Key fort guarding entry to Ulster. Defeated English at Yellow Ford and took control of most of Ireland. Prevented any further action against Spain. Well trained, reinforcements from Scotland.
Elizabeth sent Essex- failed, wasted money and negotiated with Tyrone
Replaced with Mountjoy- used Irish who were tiered of Tyrone. Defeated Spanish landing in 1601 and Tyrone surrendered after Elizabeth’s death.
Why did Essex rebel?
Didn’t let E dictate- 1589 went on expedition to Lisbon without permission
Too overoptimistic- failure in Ireland and France 1592
Cecil rivalry- refused to compromise for a lower position of Bacon with Cecil and got no positions for supporters as a result
Didn’t decide carer- fame in Cadiz but at the same time Robert Cecil made Principal Secretary
Ill luck- ‘Islands Voyage’ fails because of weather
Immature- drew sword half way on Queen and argued over who would be sent to Ireland
Put under house arrest for returning from Ireland without permission
Evidence Essex rebellion was threatening
Supporters eg Worcester and Southampton, in Ireland, Wale and knights. Queen has to curb his influence and criticism his failure in Ireland. Sends supporter Mountjoy to Ireland and takes away patent for Sweet wine.
Treasonable activity- encouraged Mountjoy to return with army, reached out to James VI and supporter showed Richard II at the globe.
Earl of Southampton’s plan to take Palace of Whitehall could have worked.
Plan for supporter to rescue him from Queen.
Played on unpopularity of Cecils
Country angry at death of their ‘sweetheart’
Evidence Essex rebellion was not threatening.
Hostility from queen meant moderate supporters abandoned him
Kinda went crazy- obvious to Council he was plotting
No army to fall back on and many supporters not that loyal.
Lenient 6 executions- seen as a nuisance.
Elizabeth had him executed promptly
Evidence Elizabeth’s popularity declined in the 1590s
Scandals at Court eg Raleigh and Southampton’s affairs
Criticism increased because of economic problems and rumors about Dudley resurfaced
Attendance at Court fell and in 1600 they were reluctant to go on progress with her
Became reserved, spending most time with ladies
Criticized for looks and age but also for staying secluded
Had to ban ‘unseemly portraits’ but this did little to hide age
Worsened temper and more forgettful
