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History - The Tudors - Edward VI > Religious Change > Flashcards

Religious Change Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the Duke of Somerset’s personal religion?

A

Moderate Protestant

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2
Q

Summarise the Duke of Somerset’s religious policy

A

Cautious approach to Protestant reform

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3
Q

Why did Somerset choose to reform cautiously, not radically?

A

There were mixed religious beliefs in society

  • Privy Council: mainly reformers (e.g. Thomas Cranmer)
  • Bishops: split, despite most supporting royal supremacy
  • Wider population: mainly Catholic, but some Protestant
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4
Q

What percentage of London was Protestant at the start of Edward VI’s reign?

A

20%

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5
Q

Was Somerset right to take a cautious approach to religious reform?

A

No

Ended up angering both sides

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6
Q

Why were the Catholics angered by Somerset’s approach to religion?

A

Angry for any tolerance of Protestantism

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7
Q

Why were the Protestants angered by Somerset’s approach to religious reform?

A

Angry for slow pace of reform towards Protestantism

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8
Q

What was the religion under Edward VI?

A

Protestantism - most significant/radical under Northumberland than Somerset

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9
Q

What steps towards Protestantism were made under Somerset?

A
  • Treason Act (1547)
  • Chantries Act (1547)
  • Parishes ordered to obtain a copy of ‘Book of Homilies’ + ‘Paraphrases’
  • Injunctions issued to bishops (1547)
  • Act of Uniformity (1549)
  • First Book of Common Prayer (1549)
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10
Q

What was the Treason Act (1547)?

A
  • New treason act
  • More accepting of Protestantism
  • Repealed old laws about censoring Protestant ideas

(Under Somerset)

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11
Q

What was the Chantries Act (1547)?

A
  • Order to close chantries + seize their assets
  • A step on from the dissolution of the monasteries

(Under Somerset)

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12
Q

What were chantries?

A

Religious buildings where priests sang for souls of the dead

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13
Q

Who wrote the ‘Book of Homilies’ + what was it?

A
  • Book of sermons for use in services

- Written by Thomas Cranmer

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14
Q

Who was Thomas Cranmer?

A
  • Archbishop of Canterbury (under Henry VIII + Edward VI)

- Wrote Book of Homilies + both Books of Common Prayer

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15
Q

What was ‘Paraphrases’ + who was it written by?

A
  • Retelling the Bible in a simplified way

- Written by Erasmus

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16
Q

The introduction of which two texts became essential in parishes as part of the royal injunctions in the move towards Protestantism?

A
  • Book of Homilies (Sermons - by Cranmer)

- Paraphrases (simplified Bible - by Erasmus)

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17
Q

What were the Royal Injunctions (1547)?

A
  • List of instructions for clergy, given to bishops
  • Included: compulsory Sunday services, iconoclasm, having a copy of the Book of Homilies + Paraphrases

(Under Somerset)

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18
Q

What was iconoclasm?

A

The destruction of catholic images + statues

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19
Q

What was the Act of Uniformity (1549)?

A

Official order for all clergy in England + Wales to adopt Protestant practices in their daily worship - E.g. Holy Communion given in English
(Under Somerset)

20
Q

What was the First Book of Common Prayer (1549)?

A
  • English prayerbook written by Cranmer
  • Compromise between reformist Protestant ideas + conservative Catholic ideas
  • E.g. mainly Protestant but allowed Catholic transubstantiation practice (body + blood of Christ actually becomes bread + wine)
21
Q

What was the general countrywide opinion to Somerset’s cautious transition towards Protestantism?

A
  • Wasn’t fully satisfying Protestants or Catholics
  • Most seemed to generally accept Protestant changes
  • Some opposition + disapproval of actions (e.g. disapproval of dissolution of chantries + First Book of Common Prayer - public rebellion in Western Rebellion)
22
Q

Why did people disapprove of the removal of chantries under Somerset?

A

People were unable to sing for souls - removing their connection to the dead

23
Q

What rebellion was in part provoked by religious change under Somerset?

A

Western Rebellion

24
Q

What was the personal religion of Northumberland?

A

Moderate Protestant

Converted back to Catholicism by choice before his death

25
Q

Summarise Northumberland’s religious policy

A

Radical approach to Protestant reform that left England a Protestant country + gained money from the Church

26
Q

What were Northumberland’s 2 main aims regarding religion?

A
  • Further Protestant reforms that Somerset cautiously started
  • Plunder more wealth from the Church
27
Q

Why was Northumberland more radically Protestant?

A

He was influenced by a more Protestant, radical reformist majority than Somerset had been

28
Q

Give some examples of groups/individuals who influenced Northumberland’s radical religious policy

A
  • Edward VI (raised a radical Protestant + becoming older so more influential)
  • Thomas Cranmer (began to move from a humanist stance in a more radical direction - influential as was Archbishop of Canterbury)
  • Radical senior clergy becoming more influential (e.g. Ridley + Hooper)
  • Radical continental reformers moved to England (e.g. Bullinger)
29
Q

What was Edward VI’s religion?

A

Protestant

30
Q

What is evidence that Edward VI personally advocated Protestantism?

A

His personal letters to Mary arguing over religion + his disapproval of her acceding him

31
Q

What is the difference between Protestant humanist reformers + Protestant radical reformers?

A
  • Humanists: believed in a more mild approach

- Radicals: believed in an abrupt, intense approach

32
Q

What is evidence that Cranmer became more radical under Northumberland than Somerset?

A

The difference between the 1st and 2nd Books of Common Prayer (2nd much more radical + strictly Protestant)

33
Q

Who was Nicholas Ridley?

A
  • Bishop of Rochester
  • Radical reformer under Edward
  • Influenced Northumberland
34
Q

Who was John Hooper?

A
  • Bishop of Gloucester
  • Returned from the continent to become the most radical bishop under Edward VI
  • Viewed the humanist, mild approach taken under Somerset as ‘too soft’
  • Influenced Northumberland
35
Q

Who was Heinrich Bullinger?

A
  • Radical continental reformer who moved to England
  • Zwinglian (radical Swiss version of Protestantism)
  • Influenced Northumberland
36
Q

What were the radical reform actions taken under Northumberland?

A
  • Conservatives removed (1549-50)
  • Treason Act (1552)
  • Second Act of Uniformity (1552)
  • Attack on Church wealth (1552)
  • Second Book of Common Prayer (1552)
  • The 42 Articles of Religion (issued 1553 - never implemented)
37
Q

What was the removal of conservatives (1549-50)?

A
  • Conservatives removed from gov
  • Key Catholic bishops imprisoned (e.g. Gardiner + Bonner)
  • Active reformers put in as replacements

(Under Northumberland)

38
Q

What was the Treason Act (1552)?

A
  • More radical treason act, building upon 1547
  • Now treason to question royal supremacy or any articles of the Church

(Under Northumberland)

39
Q

What was the Second Act of Uniformity (1552)?

A
  • Built on the Act of Uniformity (1549)
  • All people in England + Wales had to attend services, if not this was an offence

(Under Northumberland)

40
Q

What did Northumberland do to plunder Church wealth?

A
  • Surveyed wealth of bishops + senior clergy (just over £1 mill)
  • Started to take action to return these assets to the Crown
  • E.g. Started to remove all gold + silver plate held by parish Churches
41
Q

What was the Second Book of Common Prayer (1552)?

A
  • New Book of Common Prayer
  • Specifically anti-Catholic + much more radically Protestant
  • E.g. Banned ‘popish vestments’ (Catholic objects)
  • Written by Cranmer

(Under Northumberland)

42
Q

What were the 42 Articles of Religion?

A
  • Articles that defined the faith of the Church of England

- Effectively aimed to solidify the official shift to Protestantism

43
Q

Why were the 42 Articles of 1553 never implemented?

A

Edward VI suddenly died - never implemented - adapted + implemented under Elizabeth I as ‘39 Articles’

44
Q

What was the religion of the Church of England at the end of Edward VI’s reign?

A

Firmly Protestant

45
Q

Did the English public approve of the radicalism under Northumberland that left a Protestant Church of England?

A
  • Landed elites + people of SE and London: many approved (but not strongly - many converted back under Mary)
  • Wider population: little evidence to suggest they approved
46
Q

What are some reasons why the wider population may not have approved of a Protestant Church?

A
  • Many people were accustomed to Catholicism + Catholic practices were a large part of their society and belief
  • Protestant shift had involved seizing Church assets, leaving less money for the community enjoyment and festivals in parish churches
47
Q

What may be taken as evidence that the English population disapproved of shift to Protestantism?

A

Less people left money to the Church in wills
(70% Northern wills 1540-6 included money to Church, but only 32% Northern wills under Edward VI did)
- May have thought money would be seized by gov
- May have felt less desire to support the Church

History - The Tudors - Edward VI (4 decks)

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