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History - The Tudors - Edward VI > Economic Policy + Social Issues > Flashcards

Economic Policy + Social Issues Flashcards

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1
Q

Summarise the economic situation under Somerset

A

BAD

  • Low crown finances
  • High inflation (due to frequent debasement)
  • Debt (e.g. £100,000 to Antwerp)
  • Unemployment (due to population rise of 1% per yr)
  • Agricultural issues (poor harvests + enclosure)
  • Somerset’s actions did little to help
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2
Q

Summarise the social situation under Somerset

A

BAD (POPULAR DISCONTENT)

- Triggered by the economic situation/Somerset’s unsuccessful policy attempts to improve it + religious situation

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3
Q

What were some actions Somerset took to try to improve the bad socio-economic situation?

A
  • Vagrancy Act (1547)

- Anti-enclosure actions: enclosure commissioners + sheep tax (1549)

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4
Q

What was the Vagrancy Act?

A

Any able-bodied person out of work for over 3 days branded with ‘V’ + sold into slavery for 2 yrs
(Hoped to reduce vagrants, increasing economic output)

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5
Q

What was enclosure?

A

Common land closed off

  • Peasants had less land to work (harder to survive)
  • Hales (writer who influenced Somerset) said it was the root cause of socio-economic problems
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6
Q

What were enclosure commissioners?

A

One of the anti-enclosure actions taken by Somerset

People who controlled the selection of land for enclosure - hoped to control and reduce the enclosure problem

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7
Q

What was Sheep Tax (1549)?

A

One of the anti-enclosure actions taken by Somerset

Tax on sheep

Hoped to reduce land conversion from arable -> pasture (part of enclosure)

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8
Q

We’re Somerset’s socio-economic policies successful?

A

NO

  • Vagrancy Act (1547): seen as harsh so greatly disliked + never fully implemented
  • Enclosure commissioners: achieved little + annoyed landowners
  • Sheep Tax (1549): widely opposed, made peasants poorer
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9
Q

Outline the socio-economic situation left for Northumberland

A

BAD

  • Actions of improvement were unsuccessful
  • Somerset had continued expensive wars with S + F (over £1 mill)
  • Continued coin debasement + inflation
  • Still had debts
  • Still had high unemployment
  • Poor harvest of 1548 amplified inflation + agricultural issues
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10
Q

What were the two main outcomes of the poor socio-economic situation under Somerset?

A
  • Western Rebellion

- Kett’s Rebellion

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11
Q

When + where was the Western Rebellion?

A

June-Aug 1549

Devon + Cornwall

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12
Q

When + where was Kett’s Rebellion?

A

July-Aug 1549

Norfolk

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13
Q

What caused the Western Rebellion?

A

RELIGION

  • Rebels objected to the Book of Common Prayer (Jan 1549 - Cranmer - written in English - Catholic/Protestant compromise)
  • Rebels wanted to restore Catholicism + Church’s traditional societal role

SOCIO-ECONOMIC
- Rebels were mainly peasant labourers who objected to the Sheep Tax (March 1549 - tax made it hard to afford to live)

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14
Q

What caused Kett’s Rebellion?

A

SOCIO-ECONOMIC

  • Landowners had enclosed/were denying peasants access to the Norfolk Foldcourse (not enough grazing land - peasants poor)
  • Frustration about poor local administration by the Howards
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15
Q

How do we know that Kett’s Rebellion was caused by religious grievances?

A

Rebels were holding services using Cranmer’s new 1549 Book of Common Prayer

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16
Q

Briefly outline what happened during the Western Rebellion

A

6th June - Cornish rebel camp formed
20th June - Cornish + Devonshire rebel groups joined
2nd July - Clyst rebels besiege Exeter
28th July - Lord Russel sent by Somerset to suppress rebellion
17th August - Last rebels defeated at Sampford Courtenay

17
Q

How was the Western Rebellion suppressed?

A

Somerset sent Lord Russel (West Country nobleman) with mercenaries to suppress rebels

18
Q

Briefly outline what happened in Kett’s Rebellion

A

8th July - Kett leads peasants in tearing down enclosure hedges in East Anglia
9th July - Rebels head for Norwich
22nd July - Rebels seize control of Norwich
1st Aug - Dudley fails to recapture Norwich
27th Aug - Dudley defeats rebels + Kett hanged for treason

19
Q

How was Kett’s rebellion suppressed?

A

Somerset sent Dudley, Earl of Warwick (future Duke of Northumberland) + an army to suppress rebels

20
Q

What did Northumberland do to try and stop rebellion during his period of power?

A

Tried to improve the socio-economic situation

Regionally installed Lord Lieutenants + retainers of trusted nobles

21
Q

Summarise the economic situation under Northumberland

A
  • Inherited a very bad, virtually bankrupt economy
  • Drastically improved the economic situation through his actions
  • Main focus: repealing unsuccessful actions, ending debasement, reducing war expenditure, relieving debt
22
Q

Summarise the social situation under Northumberland

A
  • Inherited an unhappy society
  • Drastically improved the social situation, by improving economy
  • Some remained unhappy due to religious change but there was less discontent overall
23
Q

Who helped Northumberland to stabilise the socio-economic situation?

A

Sir William Cecil

Secretary of State - put in charge of financial planning

24
Q

Were there any rebellions under Northumberland?

A

No

25
Q

What does general public opinion seem to have been under Edward VI + his two councillors?

A

Under Somerset: Negative (despite nickname ‘Good Duke’)- rebellions exemplify this
Under Northumberland: Positive (despite nickname ‘Bad Duke’) - no rebellions

26
Q

What is the one action that could potentially be seen as a rebellion by Northumberland?

A

His ‘coup’ at end of reign by supporting Lady Jane Grey illegally

27
Q

What actions did Northumberland take to improve the socio-economic situation?

A

Repealed Somerset’s unsuccessful actions (1550)

  • Anti-enclosure (removed commissioners + sheep tax)
  • Vagrancy Act

Ended debasement (May 1551)

Reduced war expenditure

  • Stopped wars with Scotland + France
  • Gained £133,333 for Boulogne

Reduced debts

  • Continued to sell Crown land + chantry land
  • Paid back the Antwerp debt in 2yrs

Installed a ‘privy coffer’

  • Emergency fund for the Royal Household
  • Would hopefully prevent them taking loans in desperate times
28
Q

Define debasement

A

Reducing the amount of precious metals in coins (seized by Crown), to replace with cheaper base metals

29
Q

What did debasement do?

A
  • Gain income for the Crown (from the resale of precious metals)
  • Cause inflation in society (coins not worth as much)
30
Q

What happened in Henry VIII’s ‘Great Debasement’?

A
  • Henry VIII oversaw mass coin debasement
  • Silver in coins reduced from 93% -> 25%
  • Cause huge inflation

History - The Tudors - Edward VI (4 decks)

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