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Rs > Religion and Society > Flashcards

Religion and Society Flashcards

1
Q

Briefly list the ways that Christians make moral decisions?

A

The Bible
the church
their conscience
situation ethics

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2
Q

How might Christians or why might Christians use the Bible to make moral decisions?

A

+ It contains the teachings of Jesus (sermon on the mountain and parables) and the Decalogue (10 Commandments) is believed to be the word of God.
+ some Christians believe is the literal word of God
+ others believe it is the word of God which needs to be interpreted by the church
+ others believe it has been written by humans but inspired by God
+ all of these are seen as good authority and should be trusted to help make moral decisions

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3
Q

How might Christians use the church to help make moral decisions?

A
  • They believe the church is the body of Christ
  • that God speaks to Christians through the church
  • it gives them guidance on Christian life
  • they listen to what church leaders have to advise about particular issues (such as the pope advising Roman Catholics on issues such as contraception)
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4
Q

How might Christians use their conscience to make moral decisions?

A

~ Saint Paul and St Thomas Aquinas said Christians should use their conscience to make moral decisions
~ Christians also believe the conscience is the “voice of god” speaking to Christians

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5
Q

How should Christians make moral decisions using situation ethics and what is situation ethics?

A

> SITUATION ETHICS = ethical theory based on Christian idea of love (agape) which is ‘selfless love’
invented by Joseph Fletcher in the 1960s
it is the idea that Christians should be able to make decisions based on what is the “most loving thing to do” in each situation
it is following Jesus’s greatest commandment to love God and your neighbour as yourself
an example of this would be a 12 year old girl who gets raped and falls pregnant - letting her have an abortion may be the most loving thing to do

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6
Q

What are the advantages of situation ethics?

A

> No rigid rules

> (theoretically) easy solution to problems

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7
Q

What are the disadvantages to situation ethics?

A

> Having more than one loving action
not community-based
who decides the most loving action?

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8
Q

Profile (in depth) uses of the bible for moral decisions?

Advantages & Disadvantages

A 
THE BIBLE 
Advantages
> easily available 
> clearly set down in writing 
> many laws give clear guidance 
> from God
Disadvantages
> an old test = irrelevant? 
> some inconsistencies 
> meaning has changed 
> current issues not in Bible, e.g. drugs
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8
Q

Profile (in-depth) the use of the church to help Christians make moral decisions?
Advantages & disadvantages

A

Advantages
> people can speak with a priest for advice
> can give up-to-date advice on current issues
> placed by God, centuries of experience
Disadvantages
> limited life experience on issues e.g. sex, or family life
> will give advice from one side
> different churches still give different advice
> no flexibility

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9
Q

Profile (in-depth) how the conscience of a person could help a Christian to make more decisions?
Advantages & disadvantages

A

Advantages
> comes from personal experience and reason
> easy to use
> everyone has a conscience
> led by God
Disadvantages
> cases of people e.g. the Yorkshire Ripper acting horrifically because they believed God told them to
> what if you don’t agree with your conscience? You don’t always have to follow it.

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10
Q

Profile (in-depth) how a Christian might use situation ethics to help make a moral decision?
Advantages & disadvantages

A 
Advantages 
> no rigid rules 
> simple to apply 
> based on Christian idea as taught by Jesus 
> flexible 
Disadvantages 
> problem if more than one person is involved or more than one loving action is needed 
> you can make mistakes 
> too subjective
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11
Q

What is important to remember about the variety of sources that Christians can use to make moral decisions?

A

> All these major sources of authority have advantages and disadvantages
not one method is perfect
what they use should be clear and reliable guidance
they should believe it is right
this removes worry and responsibility about what they should do
Some Christians believe that “no one size fits all”
moral dilemmas are complicated and may need a different approaches
not a weakness to use variety
Christians seek gods guidance in the most accessible form at that moment

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12
Q

What is the golden rule?

A

To treat others as you wish to be treated

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13
Q

What is the 10 Commandments also known as?

A

The Decalogue

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14
Q

What are the 10 commandments?

A
  1. you shall have no other gods but me
  2. you shall not make for yourself any idol, nor bow down to it or worship it
  3. you shall not misuse the name of the lord your God
  4. you shall remember and keep the sabbath day holy
  5. respect your father and your mother
  6. You must not kill
  7. You must not commit adultery
  8. You must not steal
  9. You must not give false evidence against your neighbour
  10. You must not be envious of your neighbour’s goods. You shall not be envious of his house nor his wife, nor anything that belongs to your neighbour
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15
Q

What are human rights?

A

The rights and freedoms to which everyone is entitled

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16
Q

What is the United Nations declaration of human rights say about humans?

A

It says that all human beings are born free an equal in dignity and rights

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17
Q

What is the declaration of human rights?

A

> Not law in its own right
but did affect the terms of the 1950 European convention on human rights
which does have legal status
as does the European Court of human rights

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18
Q

What can everyone in Europe do with the European Court of human rights? And what happened in 1998?

A

> Everyone in Europe can appeal to this court for justice against the actions of their own government
UK human rights act 1998 Incorporated the convention into British law

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19
Q

What is the UK a member of and what does this mean?

A

> The UK is a member of the European convention on human rights
which means that all UK citizens are entitled to the following rights:
+ life
+ food
+ liberty and free-speech
+ racial, sexual and religious equality
+ education
+ healthcare
+ privacy

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20
Q

What is protected if you live in the UK?

A

Everybody’s human rights are protected in the UK if they’re a British or European citizen

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21
Q

What is there a debate about in Britain?

A

Whether migrants should be entitled to the same rights as UK citizens

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22
Q

What has the British government been criticised for by the UN?
What did this lead to?

A

> Locking up children of migrants in detention centres

> so the policy was changed and the children were given the same rights as UK children

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23
Q

What has the law on human rights helped?

A
  • The law on human rights has helped those involved in child prostitution and illegal immigration
  • it’s also been used to stop Corporal punishment in schools and for equality for homosexuals
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24
Q

What has there been some controversy over in relation to the laws on human rights?

A

+ There has been some controversy concerning national security and terrorism
+ some think that human rights should be overruled when national security is at risk
+ Others think that suspected terrorists should be entitled to human rights

25
Q

Why are human rights important to all Christians?

A

BECAUSE THEY BELIEVE THAT:
+ every human being is created by God, in gods image and all of gods creation should be treated with respect
+ god loves everyone equally so should be treated equally
+ The teachings of the bible are in line with most human rights laws.

26
Q

What teachings in the bible correspond with human rights laws?

A

> The Decalogue
The parable of the sheep and goats - “whatever you did for one of the least of the brothers of mine you did for me”
Jesus saying the second most important commandment is to “love your neighbour as you love yourself”
“Remember those … who are maltreated as if you yourselves was suffering” (Saint Pauls in Hebrews)
there are also stories in which Jesus is shown to accept and help those who have been rejected so giving everyone a fair treatment
Archbishop Desmond Tutu campaigned against the way in which the South African government treated black South Africans as second-class citizens ….
“Christian worship can never let us be in different to the needs of others to speak of God you must speak of your neighbour he does not tolerate a relationship with himself that excludes your neighbour.”

27
Q

Why is it important to get involved in democratic processes?

A

> politics affects everyone

> to actually change something

28
Q

What are electoral processors?

A

The ways in which voting is organised

29
Q

What is social change?

A

The way in which society has changed and is changing

30
Q

What is a political party?

A

A group which tries to get elected into power according to its policies

31
Q

What is a pressure group?

A

A group formed to influence government policy on an issue

32
Q

What are democratic processes?

A

The ways in which all citizens can take part in government

33
Q

What is democracy?

A

A political system in which the ordinary people vote to decide who will represent them

34
Q

How are we governed in the UK and why is it important to participate?

A

+ In the UK we are governed by an elected parliament
+ it is important to participate by voting because the people elected will be making important decisions affecting everyone
+ (e.g. how schools and colleges are run, how much tax people should pay)

35
Q

What has not always been the case in Britain?

A

+ It has not always been the case that all British citizens over 18 years old can vote
+ some people have been prepared to die to get the right to vote
+ E.g. the suffragettes and Martin Luther King also championed campaigns to get black people legally allowed to vote

36
Q

Who does politics affect and how can you take part?

A
  • POLITICS AFFECT EVERYONE
  • you can get involved by:
    + writing to your local MP or make an appointment to speak to them about an issue you want them to address
    + lobbying is trying to influence the decisions made by the government - this could be done by signing a petition or demonstrating
    + becoming a member of a political party
37
Q

What do Christians believe that God has given them in relation to moral duties and responsibilities?

A
  • Christians believe that God has given moral commands which are good and should be followed
  • the Bible teaches that all Christians have moral duties and responsibilities
38
Q

What’s an example of the bible describing a Christian’s moral duties and responsibilities?

A

And example is;
> the 10 Commandments (the Decalogue)
> the sermon on the Mount (in which Jesus told his followers to “love their enemies, to give to the needy and not to judge others”)
> Jesus gave the golden rule (treat others as you wish to be treated)
> The parable of the sheep and the goats
> “am I my brothers keeper?” (Cain + Abel)
> Love One Another (St Paul)

39
Q

What does the parable of the sheep and the goats suggest about a Christians moral duties and responsibilities?

A

The parable of the sheep and the goats says that Christians should help the homeless, the sick and the hungry

40
Q

What does the passage “am I my brothers keeper?” (Kane and Abel) suggest about Christians moral responsibilities and what did Saint Paul teach about it?

A

> Saint Paul teaches that Christians must not stand by doing nothing while others are in need
Paul uses the story of Cain and Abel to warn Christians that it is their duty to actively care for others (“this is how we know what love is: Christ gave his life for us. We too, then, ought to give our lives for our brothers and sisters!”)

41
Q

What is genetic engineering?

A

> the deliberate modification of the characters of an organism by the manipulation of the genetic material
or, more simply put, it is the process where the structure and characteristics of genes are changed

42
Q

What do genetic diseases affect? And what are scientists doing?

A

> Genetic diseases affect large numbers of people and are responsible for mental retardation, physical deformities and early deaths.
scientists are using research on gene development and the manipulation of genes to find cures for these diseases

43
Q

What is gene therapy?

A

> where cells are taken from an organism
then are grown in a lab where missing genes are inserted on the cells > these are allowed to develop
these are then put in the bloodstream to cure genetic disorders

44
Q

What can genes be used to do?

A

> to produce hormones and proteins, e.g. insulin

> and to be inserted into animals so that animals can grow human parts which can then be used for organ transplants

45
Q

What discoveries in cloning meant?

A

+ Discoveries in cloning have made it possible to use stem cells to grow healthy genes to replace defective ones
+ this involves using stem cells from embryos (which are created for IVF but are not used)

46
Q

What are some reasons for the use of genetic engineering?

A

> It could cure incurable diseases
it is an essential part of the medical research
it is being done in most other countries so rich people would be able to use it anyway

47
Q

What are some reasons against the use of genetic engineering?

A

+ We do not know what the long-term consequences are likely to be
+ If Anything went wrong it could not be reversed
+ People might be made to have genetic tests for insurance, jobs, et cetera, to check for genes that are likely to cause illness

48
Q

What are the three main attitudes to genetic engineering among Christians?

A

> Some Christians (LIBERAL PROTESTANTS) support genetic engineering as long as it is being done to cure disease and not to create perfect humans
ROMAN CATHOLIC’S, and some other Christians, agree with genetic research as long as it does not involve the use of embryos
SOME CHRISTIANS are against all genetic research

49
Q

Why do liberal Protestants support genetic engineering?

A

o Jesus showed that Christians should do all they can to cure disease
o Finding genetic cures is no different from finding drug cures
o There is a difference between creating cells and creating people
o Embryos cannot be regarded as potential human life until they are 14 days old
o They except the non-religious arguments in favour of genetic engineering

50
Q

Why do Roman Catholics believe what they believe about genetic engineering?

A
  • Jesus showed that Christians should do all they can to cure disease
  • finding genetic cures is no different from finding drug cures
  • Life begins at the moment of conception, whether in a womb or Laboratory, and killing life is wrong
  • embryos have been produced by methods with which the Catholic Church disagrees
51
Q

Why are some Christians against ALL genetic research?

A

+ because they may see it as trying to “play God” which is a great sin
+ it is wrong to try and make the Earth a perfect place, only heaven is perfect
+ they accept all the nonreligious arguments about genetic engineering

52
Q

What is global warming?

A

Global warming is the increase in temperature of the Earth’s atmosphere

53
Q

What are possible causes of global warming?

A

> Car emissions
Air travel
Burning fossil fuels

54
Q

What are the consequences of global warming?

A
  • Melting ice caps
  • Hotter places have droughts
  • Wetter places have floods
55
Q

What are the solutions to global warming?

A

> Action by individuals (such as turning off appliances, walking more)
actions by science and technology (such as developing low carbon cars, investments in renewable energy)
actions by governments (laws and agreements to reduce emissions from cars and factories)

56
Q

What are the different types of pollution and what acronym can you remember them with?

A 
Deforestation
Acid rain
Nuclear
Greenhouse effect
Eutrophication
RESOURCES: Non renewable sources of energy, e.g. Coal, oil, gas
57
Q

What is pollution?

A

The contamination and degradation of the environment

58
Q

What are the problems with pollution?

A

> Waste = some products do not recycle or biodegrade; waste takes up space, spreads disease and releases chemicals
Land pollution = dropping litter radioactive waste and deforestation
Water pollution = contamination of rivers, lakes, et cetera. Sea life killed by plastic waste
Air-pollution = chemicals released into air by power stations, cars aerosols, leads to acid rain, smog, et cetera.

59
Q

What are some possible solutions to the problems posed by pollution?

A

> Create less waste e.g. less packaging, more recycling
government action e.g. strict antipollution law to limit levels of pollution
alternative sources of energy e.g. using cleaner fuels creates greater energy efficiency
buy fair trade or local products e.g. industries are less damaging than large intensive farming and local products do not need transporting

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