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AQA GCSE Religious Studies B > Religion and Life Issues - Key Terms and Definitions > Flashcards

Religion and Life Issues - Key Terms and Definitions Flashcards

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1
Q

abortion

A

The deliberate termination (ending) of a pregnancy, usually before the foetus is
24 weeks old.

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2
Q

Abortion Act (1967)

A

The first law making abortion legal in England, Scotland and Wales.

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3
Q

abuse

A

Misuse of the world and the environment.

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4
Q

acid rain

A

Rain made acid by contamination through pollution in the atmosphere as the result of
emissions from factories, vehicles, power-stations, etc.

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5
Q

adoption

A

The legal process where a person (child) is taken (adopted) into the family as a son or
daughter.

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6
Q

ageism

A

Prejudice against someone because of their age, leading to discrimination.

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7
Q

animal experiments

A

Testing on animals, either for medical or cosmetic purposes, to ensure that the product
is safe for use by humans.

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8
Q

animal exports

A

The selling of animals to other countries.

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9
Q

animal rights

A

The belief that animals have a dignity just as humans do and should be given care and
protection.

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10
Q

Assisi Declarations

A

Statements about the need to protect animals and the environment made on behalf of
the different major religions.

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11
Q

awe

A

A feeling of respect; insight into meaning greater than oneself.

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12
Q

backbone

A

Spinal column.

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13
Q

big bang

A

Scientific theory that the universe began with an enormous explosion.

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14
Q

biodegradable

A

Able to be broken down by bacteria in the environment.

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15
Q

biological weapons

A

Weapons that have living organisms or infective material that can lead to disease or
death.

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16
Q

birth

A

Passing down the birth canal and living outside the mother.

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17
Q

blessing

A

The idea that God has favoured a couple with a child.

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18
Q

brigade

A

A uniformed religious youth organisation for young people.

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19
Q

brotherhood

A

People of the similar beliefs regard themselves like brothers.

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20
Q

bull fighting

A

Associated in particular with Spain, matadors fight bulls (and eventually kill them) to
entertain the crowds.

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21
Q

Carbon emissions

A

Release of greenhouse gases, such as carbon monoxide from vehicles, into the
atmosphere.

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22
Q

carbon footprint

A 
A measure of the impact of greenhouse gases on the environment, measured in units of
carbon dioxide (CO2).
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23
Q

chemical weapons

A

Weapons that use chemicals to poison, burn, paralyse humans and the natural
environment.

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24
Q

chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).

A

Weapons that use chemicals to poison, burn, paralyse humans and the natural environment.

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25
Q

class

A

Social group or caste, position in society.

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26
Q

climate change

A

Changes to the climate, believed by some scientists to be irreparably damaging, that
have been caused by human lifestyles.

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27
Q

cloning

A

The scientific method by which animals or plants can be created which have exactly the
same genetic make up as the original, because the DNA of the original is used.

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28
Q

colour

A

Relating to the colour of a person’s skin/ethnicity. Often used as a reason for unfairly
judging others and making uniformed opinions about them.

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29
Q

coming of age

A

A young person’s transition from adolescence to adulthood.

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30
Q

commitment

A

A pledge, promise or affirmation of agreement.

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31
Q

compassion

A

A feeling of sympathy that makes one want to help.

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32
Q

conception

A

The moment the sperm fertilises the egg.

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33
Q

confirmation

A

A sacrament admitting a baptised person to full participation in the church.

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34
Q

conflict

A

Fighting, a state of discord or war.

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35
Q

conscience

A

The inner feeling that you are doing right or wrong.

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36
Q

conscientious objectors

A

People who object to fighting in a war because killing is against their conscience.

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37
Q

conservation

A

Looking after the environment and protecting animals.

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38
Q

conventional weapons

A

Weapons that do not contain biological, chemical or nuclear elements.

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39
Q

creation

A

Belief that God created the universe and everything in it.

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40
Q

deforestation

A

The cutting down of large amounts of forest, usually because of business needs.

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41
Q

design

A

The argument that God designed (made) the Universe because everything is so
intricately made in its detail that it could not have happened by chance.

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42
Q

destruction of crops

A

Food crops destroyed by weather conditions.

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43
Q

deterrent

A

A way of discouraging an enemy attack by being able to retaliate.

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44
Q

disability

A

When a person has a mental or physical condition that limits movement or activities.

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45
Q

disarmament

A

When a country gets rid of its weapons.

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46
Q

discrimination

A

To act against someone on the basis of sex, race, religion, etc. Discrimination is usually
seen as wrong.

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47
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid that carries genetic information in a cell.

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48
Q

droughts

A

Long periods of abnormally low rainfall.

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49
Q

duty

A

A moral or legal obligation – an action that must be done.

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50
Q

earth summits

A

Meetings of international leaders aimed at reaching an agreement that will reduce
environmental pollution and climate change.

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51
Q

embryo

A

Fertilised ovum at about 12 –14 days when implanted into the wall of the womb.

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52
Q

emissions

A

A substance discharged into the air.

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53
Q

empowerment

A

An individual having the right to make their own choices and act on them.

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54
Q

ensouled

A

Receives a soul.

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55
Q

equality

A

That people should be given the same rights and opportunities regardless of sex, religion, race, etc.

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56
Q

evolution (evolved)

A

Theory that says living things change gradually over a long time.

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57
Q

experience

A

Something that happens to a person.

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58
Q

extinction

A

When all members of a species have died out and that species will never exist on Earth
again.

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59
Q

factory farming

A

When animals are used for meat or dairy products, but are kept indoors in very small
spaces.

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60
Q

faith schools

A

Schools run by a particular religion rather than by the state.

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61
Q

famine

A

Starvation owing to drastic, far-reaching food shortage.

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62
Q

fertility

A

Being able to conceive a child.

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63
Q

foetus

A

Fertilised ovum from eight weeks.

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64
Q

fossil fuels

A

A hydrocarbon used as a fuel, like natural gas, petroleum, and coal.

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65
Q

fostering

A

The taking of a child from a different family into a family home and bringing them up
with the rest of the new family.

66
Q

freedom of choice

A

Being able to choose to do whatever you want.

67
Q

gender

A

Another word for a person’s sex, ie male, female.

68
Q

generation gap

A

A difference between the views of young people and their parents.

69
Q

genetic modification

A

Plants and animals that have had their natural make-up altered by scientists.

70
Q

Geneva Conventions

A

Rules about war and the treatment of prisoners and civilians.

71
Q

gift

A

The idea that a child is God’s gift to humans.

72
Q

global warming

A

The scientific concept that the world is getting warmer.

73
Q

greenhouse effect

A

The trapping of heat from the sun in the lower atmosphere due to an increase in carbon dioxide, methane and other pollutants.

74
Q

groups

A

People joining together.

75
Q

handicap

A

A physical or mental disability.

76
Q

harmony

A

Living in peace with others.

77
Q

holy war

A

Fighting for a religious cause or God probably controlled by a religious leader.

78
Q 
Human Fertilisation and
Embryology Act (1990)
A

The amendment to the Abortion Act 1967 that reduced time limit to 24 weeks.

79
Q

hunting

A

The chasing of animals to kill them, which may be done for food, protection or human
pleasure.

80
Q

individuals

A

Persons acting on their own.

81
Q

influence of parents

A

How values and opinions are passed to children.

82
Q

influence of the media

A

Newspapers, television, films can reinforce or break down stereotypes.

83
Q

initiation

A

Being entered formally into a religion.

84
Q

international action

A

Action taken by groups of countries to help conserve the environment.

85
Q

Just War

A

A war that the Christian Church defines as acceptable: this must fi t certain criteria. The
idea was developed by St Thomas Aquinas and the Roman Catholic Church.

86
Q

justice

A

Bringing about what is right, fair, according to the law or making up for a wrong that has
been committed.

87
Q

law

A

Rules in a country that govern how people live.

88
Q

lifestyle

A

The way people live that reflects their values and attitudes.

89
Q

marginalisation

A

The social process of becoming or being isolated and left out.

90
Q

media

A

The organisations which convey information to the public, especially television and the
printed press.

91
Q

miracle of life

A

The idea that life is wonderful, amazing or special.

92
Q

moral codes

A

Moral rules by which a person decides to live.

93
Q

NATO

A

North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, an alliance formed to prevent war in Europe.

94
Q

natural disasters

A

Disasters caused by nature, eg earthquakes, volcanoes.

95
Q

natural habitats

A

The places where species of plants or animals live in the wild.

96
Q

natural resources

A

Resources that are part of the environment, eg water, minerals, and which are used
and often abused by humans.

97
Q

non-biodegradable

A

Not able to be broken down by the environment.

98
Q

nuclear proliferation

A

The increase in the number of states that have the potential to use nuclear weapons.

99
Q

nuclear weapons

A

Weapons that work by a nuclear reaction that devastate huge areas and kill large
numbers of people.

100
Q

Ohito Declaration

A

A statement of religious concern for the protection of the environment.

101
Q

oil spills

A

Leaking of oil into the environment, usually the sea.

102
Q

origins of life

A

How life began.

103
Q

ozone layer

A

A layer of ozone in the upper atmosphere that absorbs most of the Sun’s radiation; it is
being destroyed by CFCs.

104
Q

pacifism

A

The belief of people who refuse to take part in war and any other form of violence.

105
Q

peace

A

An absence of war and conflict, which leads to happiness and harmony.

106
Q

peace keeping force

A

Troops sent by a group of countries to act as a buffer between warring parties, or to
keep the peace after hostilities cease.

107
Q

peer pressure

A

Influence exerted by friends on each other.

108
Q

pesticides

A

Substances (poison) used to destroy insects and pests that attack crops.

109
Q

pollution

A

The contamination of something, especially the environment.

110
Q

positive discrimination

A

Treating people more favourably because they have been discriminated against in the
past.

111
Q

poverty

A

Condition of being without money, food and other basic needs of life (being poor).

112
Q

prejudice

A

Unfairly judging someone before the facts are known. Holding biased opinions about
an individual or group.

113
Q

preservation

A

Look after the environment and life in order to keep it safe.

114
Q

pressure groups

A

Collections of people outside government who campaign for changes in society.

115
Q

Pro-choice

A

Slogan used for the view that women should have the right to choose whether or not to
have an abortion.

116
Q

Pro-life

A

Slogan used for the view that supports the right to life of the foetus.

117
Q

proliferation

A

Spreading to other countries and getting more numerous.

118
Q

Purpose of life

A

The goal of life and the reason for living.

119
Q

Quakers

A

Members of the Society of Friends, a Christian denomination.

120
Q

quality of Life

A

A measure of fulfilment.

121
Q

race

A

A group of people with the same ethnic background.

122
Q

racism

A

Showing prejudice against someone because of their ethnic group or nationality.

123
Q

recycling

A

Reusing old products to make new ones.

124
Q

Red Crescent

A

A branch of the Red Cross in a Muslim country.

125
Q

Red Cross

A

A humanitarian agency that helps people suffering from war or other disasters.

126
Q

refugees

A

People who flee from their homes seeking safety elsewhere.

127
Q

relationships

A

A relationship is an association among two or more people.

128
Q

religion

A

A set of beliefs, values and practices usually based on the teaching of a spiritual leader.

129
Q

religious prejudice

A

Prejudice based on religion or beliefs.

130
Q

responsibility

A

The legal or moral duty which a person has and as a result may be blamed for it if it is
not carried out.

131
Q

rights

A

The legal or moral entitlements to do or not to do something.

132
Q

sacred

A

Holy, precious because given by God.

133
Q

sanctity of life

A

Life is sacred because it is God-given.

134
Q

scapegoating

A

Blaming certain groups for problems in society.

135
Q

secular

A

Not religious.

136
Q

severe weather

A

Extreme weather events such as hurricanes, tornadoes, etc.

137
Q

sexism

A

Prejudice and discrimination based on a person’s gender (usually a woman).

138
Q

society

A

A grouping of people in a country.

139
Q

spirituality

A

A sense of something which is outside normal human experience.

140
Q

stereotyping

A

Having an over-simplified mental image of people and applying it to everyone in a
group.

141
Q

stewardship

A

The idea that believers have a duty to look after the environment on behalf of God.

142
Q

suffering

A

Pain or distress.

143
Q

sustainable development

A

Development which takes into consideration the impact on the natural world for future
generations.

144
Q

terrorism

A

When groups use violence, or the threat of violence, to achieve their aims, rather than
using a democratic process. The violence is often indiscriminate and intended to create
an atmosphere of fear.

145
Q

throwaway society

A

A term referring to the wastefulness.

146
Q

tolerance

A

Respecting the beliefs and practices of others.

147
Q

toxic chemicals

A

Poisonous chemicals.

148
Q

United Nations (UN)

A

An organisation set up at the end of World War II to prevent war and encourage peace
by discussing problems between countries.

149
Q

unwanted children

A

Unplanned pregnancies.

150
Q

upbringing

A

A person’s rearing and education during childhood.

151
Q

value of the individual

A

l The importance of every human being.

152
Q

vegan

A

A person who will not use any animal product.

153
Q

vegetarianism

A

The belief held by people that do not eat meat.

154
Q

viable

A

The point at which a foetus could survive if it were to be born.

155
Q

victims of prejudice

A

People who have experienced prejudice or discrimination against themselves.

156
Q

victims of war

A

People who are harmed or suffer as a result of war.

157
Q

vivisection

A

The cutting up of animals for scientific experiments.

158
Q

‘War on Terror’

A

Action taken after 9/11 to tighten security, prevent future attacks and destroy terrorist
organisations.

159
Q

weapons of mass

destruction (WMD)

A

Weapons that can kill large number of people and/or cause great damage.

160
Q

wonder

A

Marvelling at the complexity and beauty of the universe.

161
Q

worship

A

Ceremony or prayers showing love and devotion to a deity, an idol or sacred object.

162
Q

zoos

A

Places in which wild animals are kept to display to the public.

AQA GCSE Religious Studies B (5 decks)

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