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religion and ethics Flashcards

1
Q

what are teleological theories

A

approach to ethics focusing on the right and wrong of actions by examine consequences

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2
Q

what are deontological theories

A

approach to ethics focusing on right and wrong of actions themselves without other consideration

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3
Q

what is the Euthyphro dilemma

A

dilemma as religious believes have to pick one of the horns but each one is problematic

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4
Q

what is horn 1 of Euthphro dilemma

A

good is whatever God commands so we should follow commandments because God commanded them

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5
Q

what is horn 2 of Euthphro dilemma

A

good exists independently from God God commands these things because he knows they are good

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6
Q

what is the problem with horn 1

A

God could command anything and that would make it morally right e.g murder

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7
Q

what is the problem with horn 2

A

morality comes from somewhere else not from God he is just the messenger

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8
Q

what is the divine command theory

A

philosophical theory that suggests the morality and ethical behaviour are derived from the commands from God (10 commandments)

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9
Q

what are the key concepts of divine command theory

A

Gods plan: Gods will is absolute and foundation for all moral principles

moral simplicity: every action can be definitively categorised as right or wrong by comparing it against Gods commands

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10
Q

how does God make himself the most important in the 1o commandments

A

first four commandments are all about honouring the Lord

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11
Q

explain the commandment “you shall have no other Gods before me”

A

due to the Hebrew people worshipping a variety of Gods during the time of Abraham the commandment was given at a time of religious uncertainty in order to convert

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12
Q

explain the commandment “you shall not make an idol”

A

idolatry is trusting in created things rather than the creator of the world

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13
Q

explain the commandment “you shall not misuse the name of the lord”

A

this commandment is concerned with the idea of preforming evil works in the name of God or spreading misinformation about God

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14
Q

explain the commandment “remember the sabbath and keep it holy”

A

Sabbath reminds us we are no longer slaves to work and we should build on relationships with family aswell as rest after a weeks work

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15
Q

explain the commandment “honor your mother and father”

A

honoring our parents is foundational to a good society

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16
Q

explain the commandment “you shall not murder”

A

the commandment seems obvious God reinforces human life is sacred although theirs no flexibility in the command e.g different circumstances like self defense could be justified

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17
Q

explain the commandment “you shall not commit adultery”

A

commandment promotes the importance of marriage as the foundation for a stable society aswell as right environment to bring up children

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18
Q

explain the commandment “you shall not steal”

A

this prohibits the stealing of human life, dignity and spouse

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19
Q

explain the commandment “you shall not spread false rumors”

A

given to stop the spread of gossiping about others as it can ruin lives

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20
Q

explain the commandment “you shall not covet your neighbors goods”

A

encourages us to be thankful for all we have today social media can make us jealous and dissatisfied of our own lives

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21
Q

what was the purpose of the sermon on the mount

A

Jesus giving us his ethical teachings and true interpretation of the law

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22
Q

what are beatitudes?

A

8 sayings that set forth the type of follower Jesus wants

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23
Q

what does the first beatitude ‘Blessed are the poor in spirit for theirs is the kingdom of heaven

A

Jesus highlights the spiritual poverty over the material poverty and those who are spiritually rich will receive their rewards in heaven

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24
Q

what does the second beatitude mean “blessed are those who mourn for they will be comforted”

A

barclay a biblical commentator believes that people who mourn for the sins in the world are blessed

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25
what does the third commandment mean "blessed are the meek for they will inherit the earth"
this could refer to people who are weak and powerless so depend totally on God
26
what does the fourth beatitude mean "blessed are those who hunger and thirst for righteousness for they will be filled"
this tells us we should strive to do good every day like we would look for food if we where starving
27
what does the fifth beatitude mean "blessed are the merciful for they will be shown mercy"
this simply claims if we show mercy to others God will have mercy onto us
28
what does the sixth beatitude mean "blessed are the pure in heart for they will see God"
barclay says that the beatitude should make us all stop think and examine ourselves to see if our motives are for the good
29
what is the seventh beatitude "blessed are the peacemakers for they will be called sons of God"
barclay said "the man who divides men is doing the devils work"
30
what does the eighth beatitude mean "blessed are those who are persecuted because of righteousness, for theirs is the kingdom go heaven"
to encourage those being persecuted to stay strong and continue to be a follower of Christ and that their reward for facing death will be worth it in heaven
31
what does Jesus say when comparing us to salt and light
"you are the salt of the earth but if the salt loses its flavour how will it be seasoned it is then good for nothing you are a light of the world"
32
what is Jesus' meaning when comparing us to salt and light
salt as in christians who lose their faith are useless like salt is when flavour is lost light as in because the world is in darkness (sin) their faith must shine so others will turn to christ
33
what is the anthesis
this is Jesus' attitude to the law where he provides us with the true meaning by providing a contrast
34
anthesis of murder
Jesus tells is not only to avoid the act of murder but also avoid the anger that can lead to murder
35
anthesis for adultery
Jesus focuses on the root of adultery which is lust and says it would be better to gouge your eye out if it causes u to sin
36
anthesis for divorce
Jesus stresses divorce is not permitted in any circumstances except for cases of unfaithfulness
37
anthesis for vows
vows at that Time often meant swearing by Gods name Jesus said let a simple yes or no be enough
38
anthesis for revenge?
if someone slaps you on the right cheek turn to them your left
39
what are the three ways Jesus mentions to be good
fasting, praying and almsgiving
40
what is almsgiving?
doing good deeds like charity work Jesus clarifies we shouldn't do these things for the wrong reasons e.g look for praise
41
what is meant by praying
Jesus encourages us to pray in private and not to constantly ask for things like the pagans
42
what was meant by fasting
Jesus critisised those who avoided washing when fasting so people would know they are fasting
43
is the bibles teachings still relevant in regards to medical issues
bible provides very little advice highlights sanctity of life but no mention on abortion, IVF and euthanasia. e.g of this Jehovahs witnesses refuse to accept blood transplants as they believe its sacred even in life or death scenarios doctors can't help
44
are biblical teachings on homosexuality still relevant
Leviticus 20:13 states "if a man lies with another man as he does a women its an abomination, they shall surely be put do death" however many modern christians may support gay rights or be gay themselves and ignore the punishment set in the Old Testament as so many other laws are disregarded
45
are biblical teachings on women's rights still relevant?
whilst Jesus seemed to advocate for women's rights Saint Paul differs as in some of his letters it displays women are inferior to men. In traditional churches women are not allowed to preach therefor undecided - women's rights high secularly
46
what is natural law?
asserts that people act morally if they behave as God intended them to. deontological in theory. consists of rules that in no circumstances should be broken.
47
how was natural law developed with guidance of Aristotle?
Aristotle argues everything has a purpose and that purpose is to do good
48
how was natural law developed by Thomas aquinas?
tried to apply both Aristotles idea of life purpose and Ciceros idea of a universal law, he described natural law as a moral code created by God
49
what are the five key principles of natural law
primary and secondary goals human reason apparent goods inferior/exterior acts double effect
50
what are primary goals?
to live, reproduce, learn and have an ordered society which worships God
51
what are secondary goals?
(natural law) provides us with rules that follows primary goals and enables us to apply them to dilemmas
52
what is human reason?
scripture doesn't tell us everything so we sometimes have to use our own judgement
53
what is the first cardinal virtue which form our ability to reason?
prudence - we should be careful and not reckless in our behaviour
54
what is the second cardinal virtue which form our ability to reason?
temperance - do things in moderation self control
55
what is the third cardinal virtue which form our ability to reason?
fortitude - show courage when bearing pain in our lives
56
what is the fourth cardinal virtue which form our ability to reason?
justice - we should show fairness to everyone
57
what are apparent goods?
something that seems good but is actually a wrong decision
58
what are real goods?
something that is good according to natural law
59
what was Aquinas reason for creating real and apparent goods?
he argued that our human reason if fully developed could differentiate between real/apparent goods he stated "no evil can be desirable"
60
what are interior acts?
our thoughts, intentions and decisions
61
what are exterior acts?
psychical action that a person performs
62
what where Aquinas' thoughts on interior/exterior acts
he believed internal intention was just as important as the external act. he concluded both the internal and external act must be good for it to be moral
63
application of natural law on sex
one of the primary goals is to reproduce genesis 1:28 "be fruitful and multiply" in order to follow natural law every sexual act not resulting in reproduction is immoral
64
how is the application of natural law on sex seen in todays society?
society has rejected natural law and its moral absolutism even some christians reject natural law by using contraception during sex to control the size of family
65
strengths of natural law
allows humans to use their reason to guide them. Through reading the bible its an absolutist theory so simple to follow seen as a universal theory not just for christians
66
weaknesses of natural law
not enough flexibility in addressing complicated moral problems may be seen as too legalistic which Jesus criticised fails to recognise some acts have more than one purpose e.g sex

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