Religion Flashcards
What effect did HVII have on the English church?
HVII had few issues with the church, allowing it to exist as it previously had, though there was the emergence of humanism
How did Wolsey represent the problems some had with the Catholic church?
Wolsey did not abide by his vows of poverty, amassing a large personal fortune, with a household of over 500 servants and a large lavishly dressed escort.
He held multiple church positions, Dean of York (1513), Bishop of Tournai (1513), Bishop of Lincoln (1514), Archbishop of York (1514), Bishop of Durham (1523), Bishop of Winchester (1529), and Abbot of St Albans.
Due to his pluralism, he was also absent from many of his posts, he never visited York until his fall from Henry’s favour in 1529.
He had a mistress until 1519, and two illegitimate children
What positions did the Pope give to Wolsey?
Cardinal and Papal Legate
What did John Wycliffe believe and what were his followers called?
He believed that scripture was more important than the Pope.
Lollards
Who complained about Lollards and when?
The Bishop of London, in 1515
When did Martin Luther make his 95 Theses?
1517
How did the divorce help reformers?
It gave them a forum to voice their discontent with the catholic church when it may be accepted by the govt.
How many religious houses were dissolved under Wolsey?
Over two-dozen
How did Wolsey try and reform monasteries?
In 1528 he drew up plans to close Monasteries with fewer than 6 inmates and amalgamate those with fewer than 12.
He also was responsible for removing 8 unsuitable heads of monasteries
How did Wolsey oppose the new reformers?
He encouraged Henry to take a stand against them, with public burnings of Lutheran’s texts and Henry’s book (Defence of the Seven Sacraments)
How did Wolsey argue for Henry’s divorce?
Scriptural arguments
Diplomatic manoeuvres
Legal efforts
What were Wolsey’s Scriptural arguments for Henry’s divorce? Why did some think this didn’t apply?
That the marriage was invalid, because a Leviticus verse condemns marrying your brothers wife, and that Catherine had lied about not consummating her and Arthur’s marriage.
In the book of Deuteronomy, he says it is a mans duty to marry his dead brother’s wife.
Why was the HRE an issue in the divorce?
Because the Holy Roman Emperor was Charles V, Catherine’s nephew, and he was control of Italy at the time, so had influence with the Pope.
How did Wolsey try to use foreign policy to end Henry’s marriage?
He tried to use and alliance with France to free the Pope from the HRE’s influence, but failed
How did Wolsey use legal efforts to secure Henry’s divorce?
He held the divorce hearings in England, where he, as Papal Legate, would have authority, but the Pope sect Cardinal Campeggio to delay the hearings, he was sick so did just that and when they finally happened, Catherine appealed, bringing the case to Rome
How did Henry disempower Wolsey?
He accused him of Praemunire
What were Thomas More’s religious beliefs?
He was a humanist and critical of some aspects of the Catholic Church, but was instrumental in the harsh persecution of reformers, believing in steady, slow change, and was very sympathetic to Catherine of Aragon
What book did Anne Boleyn give Henry that encouraged him towards Royal Supremecy?
‘The Obedience of the Christian Man’ William Tyndale, which had been banned
Why did Henry have to wait until the 1530s to start Royal Supremecy?
So that he could replace the higher clergy with reformists
What did Cromwell do to kickstart the Reformation?
Parliament was encouraged to voice anti-clerical feelings, and Cromwell began collecting evidence of abuses
When was Praemunire revived and how many were charged with it?
1530, 15 of the upper clergy
When was the Pardon of the Clergy and what did it do?
1531.
It charged and pardoned the whole clergy of Praemunire, as long as they recognised Henry as the sole protector and Supreme Head of the English Church and clergy
What was the Commons Supplication against the Ordinaries?
A petition introduced to parliament in 1532 by Cromwell against church courts and clerical jurisdiction in the commons. Cromwell managed to make it seem like Parliaments action despite it so clearly supporting Henry
What did the Submission of the Clergy do?
- It surrendered the Church’s jurisdictive power to the Crown
What was the Conditional Restraint of Annates?
A 1532 Act of parliament that banned the payment of annates to the Pope. (suspended for one year)
What did the Act in restraint of Appeals do?
It prevented people from appealing to the pope in decisions in the English Church Courts. effectively preventing Catherine from appealing on the Great Matter
Who was Cranmer and when was he made archbishop?
He was a moderate reformist, who supported the divorce and supported Henry’s reformation.
He was made Archbishop in 1532.
When Henry ‘acknowledged’ as head of the English church?
In 1534, with the Act of Supremacy
How did the Treason act the new church reforms?
It made it illegal to slander the supremecy
What did the 1536 Ten Articles include, and were they more Catholic or Protestant?
They included only 3 sacraments (P)
Transubstantiation wasn’t named, but the presence of Christ was affirmed (C)
A moderate version of justification by faith alone was included (P)
Moderately protestant
What did the 1537 Bishops Book include, and were they more Catholic or Protestant?
The four remaining sacraments were acknowledged, but as lesser sacraments (CP)
It criticised justification by faith alone, and acknowledged the presence of transubstantiation (C)
It stated that the purpose of the clergy was not to give mass, but preaching the word of God
The administration of the sacraments took second place to preaching (P)
No distinction was made between the role of bishops and priests (P)
The worshipping of graven images was criticised
More Protestant
Who was Anne a patron of?
Latimer, Shaxton and Skip
What were the Catholic terms of the Six articles?
That priests must be celibate
That transubstantiation is valid
Mass was required
What were the Protestant terms of the six articles?
That confession was unnecessary (1/6 articles were protestant)
Why was there a swing back to Catholocism in 1538-40?
Because Cromwells influence waned after the failure of the marriage to Anne of Cleves, and his interest in Catherine Howard (m.1540) gave more influence to the more catholic Howard family
How many monasteries were there in England and Wales at the begining of Henry’s reign?
~825
How were the Monasteries valuable to Henry?
Very, they had the potential to double Henry’s income (Valour Ecclesiasticus)
The land could be used to by favour from nobles or powerful gentry
The monasteries were a reminder of the catholic church
Their role was to pray for the souls of the deceased, this was viewed by some reformers as unnecessary
When were the acts in restraint of Annates?
1532- conditional
1534- total
What did Cromwell do in 1535?
He sent out commissioners to make the Valor Ecclesiasticus, valuing the monastic lands, then he sent out another to investigate their moral and spiritual standards
What in happened in 1536 that was based off of Cromwell’s findings in the Valor Ecclesiasticus?
The dissolution of the Smaller Monasteries, dissolving any with lands worth under £200 a year.
Commissioners were sent out to supervise the closures
How did the Carthusian Monks resist Henry VIII’s religious changes?
They refused to accept Henry’s divorce, and in 1534 refused to agree to a declaration against the authority of the Pope.
After the Treason Act, they forced them to submit and executed 18 of them.
When was the Dissolution of the Larger Monasteries
1539
How much of the kingdoms wealth did the dissolution amount to?
10%
What was done with most of the land from the dissolution?
Sold not at full market value, not given to courtiers or rewards or failures
