Religion Flashcards
1
Q
What effect did HVII have on the English church?
A
HVII had few issues with the church, allowing it to exist as it previously had, though there was the emergence of humanism
2
Q
How did Wolsey represent the problems some had with the Catholic church?
A
Wolsey did not abide by his vows of poverty, amassing a large personal fortune, with a household of over 500 servants and a large lavishly dressed escort.
He held multiple church positions, Dean of York (1513), Bishop of Tournai (1513), Bishop of Lincoln (1514), Archbishop of York (1514), Bishop of Durham (1523), Bishop of Winchester (1529), and Abbot of St Albans.
Due to his pluralism, he was also absent from many of his posts, he never visited York until his fall from Henry’s favour in 1529.
He had a mistress until 1519, and two illegitimate children
3
Q
What positions did the Pope give to Wolsey?
A
Cardinal and Papal Legate
4
Q
What did John Wycliffe believe and what were his followers called?
A
He believed that scripture was more important than the Pope.
Lollards
5
Q
Who complained about Lollards and when?
A
The Bishop of London, in 1515
6
Q
When did Martin Luther make his 95 Theses?
A
1517
7
Q
How did the divorce help reformers?
A
It gave them a forum to voice their discontent with the catholic church when it may be accepted by the govt.
8
Q
How many religious houses were dissolved under Wolsey?
A
Over two-dozen
9
Q
How did Wolsey try and reform monasteries?
A
In 1528 he drew up plans to close Monasteries with fewer than 6 inmates and amalgamate those with fewer than 12.
He also was responsible for removing 8 unsuitable heads of monasteries
10
Q
How did Wolsey oppose the new reformers?
A
He encouraged Henry to take a stand against them, with public burnings of Lutheran’s texts and Henry’s book (Defence of the Seven Sacraments)
11
Q
How did Wolsey argue for Henry’s divorce?
A
Scriptural arguments
Diplomatic manoeuvres
Legal efforts
12
Q
What were Wolsey’s Scriptural arguments for Henry’s divorce? Why did some think this didn’t apply?
A
That the marriage was invalid, because a Leviticus verse condemns marrying your brothers wife, and that Catherine had lied about not consummating her and Arthur’s marriage.
In the book of Deuteronomy, he says it is a mans duty to marry his dead brother’s wife.
13
Q
Why was the HRE an issue in the divorce?
A
Because the Holy Roman Emperor was Charles V, Catherine’s nephew, and he was control of Italy at the time, so had influence with the Pope.
14
Q
How did Wolsey try to use foreign policy to end Henry’s marriage?
A
He tried to use and alliance with France to free the Pope from the HRE’s influence, but failed
15
Q
How did Wolsey use legal efforts to secure Henry’s divorce?
A
He held the divorce hearings in England, where he, as Papal Legate, would have authority, but the Pope sect Cardinal Campeggio to delay the hearings, he was sick so did just that and when they finally happened, Catherine appealed, bringing the case to Rome
16
Q
How did Henry disempower Wolsey?
A
He accused him of Praemunire
17
Q
What were Thomas More’s religious beliefs?
A
He was a humanist and critical of some aspects of the Catholic Church, but was instrumental in the harsh persecution of reformers, believing in steady, slow change, and was very sympathetic to Catherine of Aragon
18
Q
What book did Anne Boleyn give Henry that encouraged him towards Royal Supremecy?
A
‘The Obedience of the Christian Man’ William Tyndale, which had been banned
19
Q
Why did Henry have to wait until the 1530s to start Royal Supremecy?
A
So that he could replace the higher clergy with reformists
20
Q
What did Cromwell do to kickstart the Reformation?
A
Parliament was encouraged to voice anti-clerical feelings, and Cromwell began collecting evidence of abuses
21
Q
When was Praemunire revived and how many were charged with it?
A
1530, 15 of the upper clergy
22
Q
When was the Pardon of the Clergy and what did it do?
A
1531.
It charged and pardoned the whole clergy of Praemunire, as long as they recognised Henry as the sole protector and Supreme Head of the English Church and clergy
23
Q
What was the Commons Supplication against the Ordinaries?
A
A petition introduced to parliament in 1532 by Cromwell against church courts and clerical jurisdiction in the commons. Cromwell managed to make it seem like Parliaments action despite it so clearly supporting Henry
24
Q
What did the Submission of the Clergy do?
A
- It surrendered the Church’s jurisdictive power to the Crown
25
What was the Conditional Restraint of Annates?
A 1532 Act of parliament that banned the payment of annates to the Pope. (suspended for one year)
26
What did the Act in restraint of Appeals do?
It prevented people from appealing to the pope in decisions in the English Church Courts. effectively preventing Catherine from appealing on the Great Matter
27
Who was Cranmer and when was he made archbishop?
He was a moderate reformist, who supported the divorce and supported Henry's reformation.
He was made Archbishop in 1532.
28
When Henry 'acknowledged' as head of the English church?
In 1534, with the Act of Supremacy
29
How did the Treason act the new church reforms?
It made it illegal to slander the supremecy
30
What did the 1536 Ten Articles include, and were they more Catholic or Protestant?
They included only 3 sacraments (P)
Transubstantiation wasn't named, but the presence of Christ was affirmed (C)
A moderate version of justification by faith alone was included (P)
Moderately protestant
31
What did the 1537 Bishops Book include, and were they more Catholic or Protestant?
The four remaining sacraments were acknowledged, but as lesser sacraments (CP)
It criticised justification by faith alone, and acknowledged the presence of transubstantiation (C)
It stated that the purpose of the clergy was not to give mass, but preaching the word of God
The administration of the sacraments took second place to preaching (P)
No distinction was made between the role of bishops and priests (P)
The worshipping of graven images was criticised
More Protestant
32
Who was Anne a patron of?
Latimer, Shaxton and Skip
33
What were the Catholic terms of the Six articles?
That priests must be celibate
That transubstantiation is valid
Mass was required
34
What were the Protestant terms of the six articles?
That confession was unnecessary (1/6 articles were protestant)
35
Why was there a swing back to Catholocism in 1538-40?
Because Cromwells influence waned after the failure of the marriage to Anne of Cleves, and his interest in Catherine Howard (m.1540) gave more influence to the more catholic Howard family
36
How many monasteries were there in England and Wales at the begining of Henry's reign?
~825
37
How were the Monasteries valuable to Henry?
Very, they had the potential to double Henry's income (Valour Ecclesiasticus)
The land could be used to by favour from nobles or powerful gentry
The monasteries were a reminder of the catholic church
Their role was to pray for the souls of the deceased, this was viewed by some reformers as unnecessary
38
When were the acts in restraint of Annates?
1532- conditional
1534- total
39
What did Cromwell do in 1535?
He sent out commissioners to make the Valor Ecclesiasticus, valuing the monastic lands, then he sent out another to investigate their moral and spiritual standards
40
What in happened in 1536 that was based off of Cromwell's findings in the Valor Ecclesiasticus?
The dissolution of the Smaller Monasteries, dissolving any with lands worth under £200 a year.
Commissioners were sent out to supervise the closures
41
How did the Carthusian Monks resist Henry VIII's religious changes?
They refused to accept Henry's divorce, and in 1534 refused to agree to a declaration against the authority of the Pope.
After the Treason Act, they forced them to submit and executed 18 of them.
42
When was the Dissolution of the Larger Monasteries
1539
43
How much of the kingdoms wealth did the dissolution amount to?
10%
44
What was done with most of the land from the dissolution?
Sold not at full market value, not given to courtiers or rewards or failures
45
What was the effect of the dissolution on the monasteries on the gentries?
Some historians think that it had an important effect on their visibility, distributing land and ruling power
46
How many ex monks managed to secure other paid positions?
1/5
47
How did monks survive after the dissolution?
Most recieved pensions, with one recieving payments until his death in 1607.
48
What were the functions of monasteries that were dispersed or replaced?
positions of past monks and nuns: there were still other opportunities for help in the church and great catholic families
education: large libraries were partly burned or privately owned. the dissolution removed places of education for children of well off families
Schools attached to monasteries were often reopened seperately, especially inder EdVI
49
How did Thomas More oppose Henry's religious authority, why was this significant?
He refused to swear an oath declaring Mary illegitimate (probably because it would go against the pope's authority).
He was a famous politician and widely respected humanist
50
Why was Thomas More executed?
He refused to swear an oath supporting the 1534 Succession act, and in a treason trial rigged by Cromwell was found guilty after Richard Rich said he'd said he wouldn't accept Henry as head of the church.
51
Which nobles were part of the Aragonese faction?
Henry Courtenay (Henry's cousin and Marquis of Exeter), northern Lord Hussey and Darcy, and Sir Henry Guildford (controller of the king's household)
52
How did the Aragonese faction react to Henry's succession and religious policy?
Darcy and Hussey joined the pilgrimage of grace, Courtenay became associated with the Yorkist descendant, Reginald Pole, and was executed for that in 1539
53
Who was a significant example of resistance in the clergy?
Bishop Fisher
54
Why was Fisher arrested and executed?
He refused to swear the oath accepting the divorce, was put in the tower, the Pope said he was to be made a cardinal, so Henry acted quickly, and accused him of high treason and had him executed.
55
What was the reaction to Henry's treatment of Fisher?
it provided evidence of Henry acting as a tyrant when it suited him.
56
Who was Elizabeth Barton?
A locally famous nun who had seen visions since her teens, and was under the protection of a monk, Dr Edward Bocking.
in 1528 her visions were that the kings divorce would have terrible consequences, which Bocking turned into a wider campaign against Henry's religious changes.
57
What happened to Elizabeth of Barton and Edward Bocking?
They were arrested in 1533, and Elizabeth publicly confessed her visions were false at St Paul's Cross in London. The group were condemned by an act of attainder, because they could find no specific crime.
58
Where and why did the pilgrimage of grace start?
In Louth, Lincolnshire. in 1536
There were rumours that their parish church that had a tall spire (finished in 1515) that they were proud of would be closed and that taxes would increase. A monastery nearby was also being closed.
59
Who joined the pilgrimage of grace and why, and how many 'pilgrims' in arms were there at the height?
18 local gentry joined to lead it, calling for Cromwell's dismissal and repeal of a tax that gentry had to pay on inherited land.
The local monks (cuz monasteries)
Robert Aske, who gathered forces after visiting and on his way back to York
40,000 men
60
How did the 'pilgrimage' end?
They gave the Pontefract articles to the Duke of Norfolk (a petition of their demands).
Henry decided to grant a general pardon and said that Parl. would consider their demands, so they dispersed.
Other rebellions in 1537 allowed Henry to arrest and execute figures including Robert Aske, who had led the 'pilgrimage'
61
What was the state of Anglican doctrine at the death of HVII?
The Eucharist was Catholic (Transubstantiation)
Only clergy may receive bread and wine
All seven Catholic sacraments remain
Clergy couldn't marry (re-imposed in 1540)
In 1545 Cranmer managed to add some elements of services in English
The Great Bible of 1539 authorised an English translation
Much less emphasis on saints, and pilgrimages forbidden
Number of saints days reduced to 25
62
How did the general population receive the religious change?
They were slow to change, with catholic language and traditions still being used
63
What changes were made to religion under Somerset?
There was a full scale enquiry made into the state of the CofE, 1547 Treason Act repealed the Six Article and treason and censorship laws were repealed, the Chantries Act (mostly done to fund Scottish war), 1549 Act of Uniformity, and Cranmer introduced an new Prayer Book
64
What did the 1549 Act of uniformity do?
It imposed a consistent standard of worship.
Services were to be in English and the bread and wine was to be offered to the congregation.
However the structure and appearance was the same
65
What caused the Western rebellion?
General social and economic discontent (inflation), changes in land for sheep farming, and removal of catholic decorations from a church (killing William Body).
Leaders in Cornwall demanded restoration of catholic doctrine and a ban on the English Prayer book.W
66
What religious changes happened under Northumberland?
1522 Treason Act, it became an offence to question the royal supremacy or the English church
The Second Act of Uniformity, it became an offence to not attend CofE services (offenders were to be fined or imprisoned)
1552 Prayer Book, removed all traces of Catholicism and mass. The Eucharist (now last supper) is purely commemorative.
1553 altars to be replaced by communion tables and clergy should not wear vestments during services
Motivated by govt need, silver and gold plate was removed
The 42 Articles
67
When were and what did the Acts of Repeal do?
1553 1st Act: Removed all legislation during the reign of EVI
1554 2nd Act: Repealed all religious reform since 1529 (including act of supremacy, so the Pope was now head of the church again)
68
Who returned that made Mary more secure in her religious reform?
Cardinal Pole
69
How did Mary use education to try and increase Catholicism?
There was more emphasis on training and supervising parish priests
Bishops were instructed to set up training schools
There was national decrees and the new Prayer book for guidance
70
What happened to married clergy?
They had to either give up their families or positions
71
How many protestents fled during Mary's reign?
800
72
How were protestants prosecuted under Mary, and how many were killed?
After the old heresy laws came back into effect, Protestants who would not renounce their faith would be burned locally as examples, beginning in February 1555.
About 300 were burned (but no more than her father's govt)
73
Which prominent Protestants were killed under Mary?
Cranmer (He recanted his Protestantism, but then recanted his recantation), Latimer and Ridley
74
How did outrage to Mary's burnings vary throughout the country?
There is little evidence of strong outrage outside of London
75
What were Elizabeth's initial actions over Religion?
She made a proclamation in which she insisted on no preaching, and for her chapel to be used as example.
She attempted to pass bills reinstating the Protestant prayer book through parliament, but it was stopped by the catholic bishops
When the bishops suggested they would not accept Elizabeth as the head of the church, they were arrested and prevented from voting, allowing her to pass the prayer book legislatin
76
1559 Act of Supremacy
Elizabeth was titled the 'Supreme Governor' of the church
Required an oath of loyalty, and commissioners were sent out to ensure it was followed.
The Court of High Commission was founded to ensure loyalty
77
1559 Act of Uniformity
Any practices pre-1549 should be followed (communion tables, but catholic decorations allowed)
Catholic vestments
Compulsory church attendance (fines if not, but small and not usually imposed)
Attending Mass was a serious offence and would incur a heavy fine
Saying Mass could get the death penalty
78
1559 Royal injunctions
57 instructions, including:
Preachers had to be licensed by a bishop
They had to preach at least once a month or lose their license
Every church had to display a bible in English
pilgrimages were outlawed
no more altars were to be destroyed
79
1559 Prayer Book
Compromised wording from both of Edward's Prayer Books, satisfying what both catholics and protestants wanted in worship
80
Reaction to Elizabeths settlement in the clergy
around 400 of the clergy lost or resigned their livings because of the settlement
most of the bishops appointed under Mary refused and were dismissed
Many ministers simply ignored the new book of prayer, only half could be relied on to actively support the settlement
81
1559 Act of Exchange
Elizabeth was allowed to take over property of bishops by only allowing them to rent to her, this was often more of a threat to bishops who opposed the settlement, so was unpopular
82
Foreign reaction
France was embroiled in a civil war, so was not largely concerned
Spain (Philip II) and the pope didn't see it as a permanent change and thought she could be persuaded to return the church to Rome
83
How did Catholics become a threat to Elizabeth rather than just tolerated
1567: he called for English Catholics to not attend Anglican church services
The Duke of alba took 10,000 troops to the netherlands, just across the channel
1568: MQofS arrived in England seeking sanctuary, as a scottish catholic monarch with links to France, and a claim to the English crown
A seminary was opened in Douai (Netherlands) to train catholic missionaries to go to england
1569: rebellion of the Northern Earls
1570: pope excommunicated elizabeth and encouraged rebellion
1571: the Ridolfi plot uncovered
1572: protestants slaughtered in france, civil war in france done
84
Why did the foreign opposition to elizabeth contribute to the decline of catholocism?
By encouraging them to not attend services, he put them in the way of possible fines and being locked out of the local community, and the foreign involvement in plots and threats, they viewed as a threat to their valid monarch and country, making them more opposed to foreign catholics
85
What were the missionary priests?
How many were there and when did they arrive?
Priests to try and spread catholocism.
From Douai, 4 in 1574. Over 100 by the 1590s
Jesuits started to appear in the 1580s, with the first two starting to build a network of safe houses
86
In the 1580s, how much did saying mass and attending church incur as a fine?
mass: 200 marks
Church: £20 a month
87
What was the 1585 Act against Jesuits?
An act that made the presence of catholic priests in England high treason, if they didn't leave in 40 days.
Most of the 150 catholic priests executed were done so under this act
88
What was the dispute between Jesuits and Douai priests in the 1590s?
Jesuits supported Spain's plan to invade England, while the Douai priests rejected it because they thought it was less about religion, and more about power and wealth
89
in 1603, how much of the population were recusants?
2%
90
What were the three main strands of puritanism?
Moderates, who pushed to reform the english church for more protestant beliefs and practises
Presbytarians, who called for a completely different structure and simpler faith and ritual
Seperatists who pushed for reform away from the national church parish by parish
91
What sparked the Vestiarian controversy?
Elizabeth writing to the ABofC (Parker) in 1565 to ensure practises in the settlement were followed.
In 1566 he issued the book of advertisements that required a catholic dress code.
92
How many clergymen in London refused to wear the required clothes after the book of advertisements?
37
93
Why did presbytarianism threaten Elizabeth?
Because the accepted structure would leave little space for a Supreme Governer, and when it was introduced in Scotland, MQofS was overthrown
94
What did Thomas Strickland's suggestion in 1571 of a more presbytarian church structure cause in?
The formal approval of the thirty nine articles of 1563 by parliament, which all entering clergymen would have to accept to gain an appointment, because most of the bishops were horrified (it would have booted them)
95
Who was Thomas Cartwright and what did he argue for?
He was a professor of divinity at Cambridge, and argued for the elimination of bishops, and control to be exercised by a minister and respected elders.
Based off of Calvin (presbytarian)
96
What book did John Field publish in 1572 and what did it argue?
'Admonitions to the parliament'
That the only biblically valid structure is the presbytarian one, and that the book of common pray was "popish"
97
When and what did the queen ask parliament to not do to prevent more religious conflict?
1576
Not to debate religious issues without her consent
98
Why was Elizabeth opposed to prophesying?
Because there was some going on that opposed the anglican church, however it was definitely not a majority
99
How did ABofC Grindal react to Elizabeth asking him to suppress prophesying?
He refused and lectured her on its importance
100
How did Elizabeth punish Grindal for opposing her on prophesying?
By essentially placing him under house arrest, and preventinghim from leading the church for the last 7 years of his life
101
Why did Elizabeth make John Whitgift ABofC after Edmund Grindal dies?
Because he was a devout Anglican, so would help oppose both catholicism and presbytarianism.
102
What did Whitgift's three articles require the clergy to do?
How many Ministers were suspended in the south alone because of it?
It required all ministers to swear absolute acceptance of bishops and the thirty-nine articles.
300 ministers
103
What were the 'classes' in the 1580s and what did they show about presbytarianism?
They were regional meeting that appeared to resemble a presbytarian structure, but were more broadly puritan and focused on educating the laity
104
What did Anthony Cope suggest, and what happened to him and some of his supporters?
He suggested a Calvinist Prayer Book instead of the Book of Common Prayer, assuming a presbytarian structure.
He and his supporters were dispatched to the tower
105
What did Robert Brown believe?
He believed that the Anglican church was corrupted by the catholic traces remaining in it, and true christians should voluntarily gather in groups of 'saints', exercising proper discipline.
106
What were Robert Browne's supporters called?
Brownists
107
What is an example of Brownists being suppressed?
1583, John Copping and Elias Thacker were hung for distributing Brownist pamphlets
108
What were the Marprelate Tracts?
1588-89They were separatist pamphlets that were anonymously written and printed and used foul language and abuse to attack the church.
109
What was the Puritan reaction to the Marprelate Tracts?
There was widespread outrage, with established puritans like Thomas Cartwright dissaciating themselves from them
110
What was the Govts. reaction to the Tracts?
They used them as an excuse to try and destroy organised puritanism.
They had Cartwright and his associates questioned, and used propaganda to link separatism with puritanism
They passed the act against seditious sectaries that allowed authorities to execute seperatists
