Foreign Policy Flashcards
What exploration happened under HVII?
He supported the expedtitions of John and Sebastian Cabot, who found Newfoundland, and searched for a route to china, but found the Hudson Bay
When was the Medina del Campo?
1489
What were the medina del campo’s terms?
That they would work together to defend each other’s lands
To not make agreements with france without consulting each other
fixed customs duties (which tended to favour english merchants)
a marriage between arthur and Catherine of aragon
How was HVII’s relationship with france at the beginning?
Good, because he was encouraged to take the throne by the french court
What caused the Breton crisis?
France moving to absorb Brittany in 1488-92, which would endanger Calais
How did HVII try to solve the Breton crisis?
He opened negotiations with France, this failed, while secretly sending english troops from calais to brittany
He approached the HRE, some German states and the pope for support, or at least neutrality
He summoned parliament for a grant of £100,000 (between 3,000-6,000 men)
How did France react to HVII in the Breton crisis?
They took in the pretender Perkin Warbeck
How did HVII end the breton crisis?
He led 12,000 troops into Brittany, gambling that France didn’t want a long conflict, he was right, as well as France was turning their attention to the Italian peninsula
When was and what were the terms of the treaty of Etaples?
1492
France would pay 745,000 crowns, at a rate of 50,000 crowns a year (5% the king’s annual income) to cover the costs of the expedition
How was James IV hostile to HVII?
He harboured Perkin Warbeck in 1495-97
How were issues between HVII and James IV solved
The truce of Ayton 1497, which became formal in 1503
The marriage of Margaret and James IV
What were the Navigation Acts trying to do and when were they and what did they do
To break up the Hanseatic League
1485-86
They encouraged use of english ships over foreign ships (e.g. english wines could only be shipped on english ships)
How was the cloth industry encouraged under HVII through trade?
A 1489 act limited the export of english wool and made it illegal for foreign merchants to buy wool to make into cloth on the continent
How much lower was the export of wool and how much higher was the export of cloth at the end of HVII’s reign?
wool: 30%
cloth: 60%
How was English trade discouraged by Venice?
They imposed heavy tariffs on English merchants after HVII persuaded some merchants to trade there
How did HVII react to Venice?
He signed a 1490 treaty that allowed wool import into pisa, and restricted the sale of wool to the venetians, so Venice lifted the import duties
How did HVII increase the naval power of England?
He started to build a navy leaving nine ships
He established Portsmouth as England’s first fortified naval base
Why were Spain and Burgundy opposed to each other?
Ferdinand wanted to become regent of Castille and unify them, but the Duke of Burgundy was married to Isabella of Castille’s daughter, so had ambitions to succeed instead
How did the opposition between Burgundy and Spain disadvantage HVII?
He needed to maintain relationships with both of them, for trade and dynastic security
How did trying to forge an alliance with Burgundy backfire on HVII?
He opened discussions abt a burgundian bride for HVIII
This made relations with spain worse, who then went and allied with France through a marriage between Ferdinand and Germaine de foix
When Phillip of Burgundy died, his son charles became archduke, with a french regent
Why did the founding of the league of Cambrai in 1508 disadvantage England?
It was an alliance of Spain, France and Burgundy against Venice.
It left England isolated
(but also took away focus from them)
When was the first campaign into france and what did it achieve?
1512, it achieved very little
Who organised the second French campaign and when was it?
Wolsey
1512
What did HVIII gain from the 1512 campaign?
In what treaty was this solidified?
Therouanne and Tournai, and an annual payment to give up on his claims to the french throne, and reputation
The treaty of saint Germaine-en-Laye
Who did Henry fight other than the french in 1512?
The Scots, who were fighting with the french to divert english troops from france
What battle did HVIII fight against scotland in 1512?
And how many and who was killed?
The Battle of Flodden
1,500 English, 10,000 Scots (including 9 earls, 13 barons and 3 bishops)
King James IV
What were the differences in Wolsey and Henry’s foreign policy aims?
Wolsey:
To establish England as a peacemaker
To keep his position by keeping Henry happy
Henry:
To gain land in France
Tobe a major player
To be a renaissance king
How did the deaths of Ferdinand, Maximilian I and Louis XII of France get in the way of Henry’s aims?
It meant that there were a lot of young powerful rulers vying for attention, and Maximilian I and Ferdinand left their thrones to their grandson Charles
When was and who signed the Treaty of London?
in 1518
over two dozen
How was the Treaty of London a success for England?
It was signed by each country seperately placing england as a power broker
It brought immediate fame, and dispelled ideas of English isolation
Why did England side with Charles in the early 1520s?
Because Henry was married to Catherine of aragon, Charle’s aunt
The Treaty of London was obviously collapsing
Why did Henry switch to supporting France in 1525?
Because Charle’s was uninterested in helping England’s interests after capturing Francis I at Pavia, so was a disappointing ally
He was unable to raise an army to invade france without Charles’ help
Who was in and what was the purpose of the League of Cognac?
England, France, the Pope, Venice and Florence
To pressure Charles into being more reasonable, especially around the italian peninsula
How did Wolsey end war between England and Charles in 1529?
He made sure England was included in the peace treaty that was signed after France’s defeat at the Battle of Landriano
Who did Cromwell look to for alliance in the 1530s?
The german Schmalkaldic League (Lutheran german states in the HRE) including Cleves
France (because of the opposition to spain and HRE (divorce))
What treaty may have encouraged Henry’s slight swing back to catholocism in 1539?
The treaty of Nice between France and Spain, out of fear of the two catholic countries invading
Who did Cromwell arrange for Henry to marry in 1539?
Anne of Cleves
Who did James V marry that solidified the alliance between France and Scotland?
Mary of Guise (a powerful french family)
In 1542, who did Henry send to fight Scotland in what battle?
The Duke of Norfolk
Solway Moss (November)
How many prisoners were taken at Solway Moss?
1,000
Who died after Solway Moss, and what effect did it have?
King James V of Scotland
It made his daughter MQofS the new monarch
What was proposed in the treaty of Greenwich?
What effect did this attempt have
The marriage of Edward to Mary
but this was too much for the scots, who’s nobles then looked to france for assistance in maintaining independence
When was, and who did the Rough wooing?
1544-45
The Earl of Hertford (Edward Seymour)
