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Foreign Policy Flashcards

1
Q

What exploration happened under HVII?

A

He supported the expedtitions of John and Sebastian Cabot, who found Newfoundland, and searched for a route to china, but found the Hudson Bay

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2
Q

When was the Medina del Campo?

A

1489

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3
Q

What were the medina del campo’s terms?

A

That they would work together to defend each other’s lands
To not make agreements with france without consulting each other
fixed customs duties (which tended to favour english merchants)
a marriage between arthur and Catherine of aragon

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4
Q

How was HVII’s relationship with france at the beginning?

A

Good, because he was encouraged to take the throne by the french court

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5
Q

What caused the Breton crisis?

A

France moving to absorb Brittany in 1488-92, which would endanger Calais

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6
Q

How did HVII try to solve the Breton crisis?

A

He opened negotiations with France, this failed, while secretly sending english troops from calais to brittany
He approached the HRE, some German states and the pope for support, or at least neutrality
He summoned parliament for a grant of £100,000 (between 3,000-6,000 men)

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7
Q

How did France react to HVII in the Breton crisis?

A

They took in the pretender Perkin Warbeck

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8
Q

How did HVII end the breton crisis?

A

He led 12,000 troops into Brittany, gambling that France didn’t want a long conflict, he was right, as well as France was turning their attention to the Italian peninsula

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9
Q

When was and what were the terms of the treaty of Etaples?

A

1492
France would pay 745,000 crowns, at a rate of 50,000 crowns a year (5% the king’s annual income) to cover the costs of the expedition

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10
Q

How was James IV hostile to HVII?

A

He harboured Perkin Warbeck in 1495-97

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11
Q

How were issues between HVII and James IV solved

A

The truce of Ayton 1497, which became formal in 1503
The marriage of Margaret and James IV

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12
Q

What were the Navigation Acts trying to do and when were they and what did they do

A

To break up the Hanseatic League
1485-86
They encouraged use of english ships over foreign ships (e.g. english wines could only be shipped on english ships)

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13
Q

How was the cloth industry encouraged under HVII through trade?

A

A 1489 act limited the export of english wool and made it illegal for foreign merchants to buy wool to make into cloth on the continent

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14
Q

How much lower was the export of wool and how much higher was the export of cloth at the end of HVII’s reign?

A

wool: 30%
cloth: 60%

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15
Q

How was English trade discouraged by Venice?

A

They imposed heavy tariffs on English merchants after HVII persuaded some merchants to trade there

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16
Q

How did HVII react to Venice?

A

He signed a 1490 treaty that allowed wool import into pisa, and restricted the sale of wool to the venetians, so Venice lifted the import duties

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17
Q

How did HVII increase the naval power of England?

A

He started to build a navy leaving nine ships
He established Portsmouth as England’s first fortified naval base

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18
Q

Why were Spain and Burgundy opposed to each other?

A

Ferdinand wanted to become regent of Castille and unify them, but the Duke of Burgundy was married to Isabella of Castille’s daughter, so had ambitions to succeed instead

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19
Q

How did the opposition between Burgundy and Spain disadvantage HVII?

A

He needed to maintain relationships with both of them, for trade and dynastic security

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20
Q

How did trying to forge an alliance with Burgundy backfire on HVII?

A

He opened discussions abt a burgundian bride for HVIII
This made relations with spain worse, who then went and allied with France through a marriage between Ferdinand and Germaine de foix
When Phillip of Burgundy died, his son charles became archduke, with a french regent

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21
Q

Why did the founding of the league of Cambrai in 1508 disadvantage England?

A

It was an alliance of Spain, France and Burgundy against Venice.
It left England isolated
(but also took away focus from them)

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22
Q

When was the first campaign into france and what did it achieve?

A

1512, it achieved very little

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23
Q

Who organised the second French campaign and when was it?

A

Wolsey
1512

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24
Q

What did HVIII gain from the 1512 campaign?
In what treaty was this solidified?

A

Therouanne and Tournai, and an annual payment to give up on his claims to the french throne, and reputation
The treaty of saint Germaine-en-Laye

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25
Who did Henry fight other than the french in 1512?
The Scots, who were fighting with the french to divert english troops from france
26
What battle did HVIII fight against scotland in 1512? And how many and who was killed?
The Battle of Flodden 1,500 English, 10,000 Scots (including 9 earls, 13 barons and 3 bishops) King James IV
27
What were the differences in Wolsey and Henry's foreign policy aims?
Wolsey: To establish England as a peacemaker To keep his position by keeping Henry happy Henry: To gain land in France Tobe a major player To be a renaissance king
28
How did the deaths of Ferdinand, Maximilian I and Louis XII of France get in the way of Henry's aims?
It meant that there were a lot of young powerful rulers vying for attention, and Maximilian I and Ferdinand left their thrones to their grandson Charles
29
When was and who signed the Treaty of London?
in 1518 over two dozen
30
How was the Treaty of London a success for England?
It was signed by each country seperately placing england as a power broker It brought immediate fame, and dispelled ideas of English isolation
31
Why did England side with Charles in the early 1520s?
Because Henry was married to Catherine of aragon, Charle's aunt The Treaty of London was obviously collapsing
32
Why did Henry switch to supporting France in 1525?
Because Charle's was uninterested in helping England's interests after capturing Francis I at Pavia, so was a disappointing ally He was unable to raise an army to invade france without Charles' help
33
Who was in and what was the purpose of the League of Cognac?
England, France, the Pope, Venice and Florence To pressure Charles into being more reasonable, especially around the italian peninsula
34
How did Wolsey end war between England and Charles in 1529?
He made sure England was included in the peace treaty that was signed after France's defeat at the Battle of Landriano
35
Who did Cromwell look to for alliance in the 1530s?
The german Schmalkaldic League (Lutheran german states in the HRE) including Cleves France (because of the opposition to spain and HRE (divorce))
36
What treaty may have encouraged Henry's slight swing back to catholocism in 1539?
The treaty of Nice between France and Spain, out of fear of the two catholic countries invading
37
Who did Cromwell arrange for Henry to marry in 1539?
Anne of Cleves
38
Who did James V marry that solidified the alliance between France and Scotland?
Mary of Guise (a powerful french family)
39
In 1542, who did Henry send to fight Scotland in what battle?
The Duke of Norfolk Solway Moss (November)
40
How many prisoners were taken at Solway Moss?
1,000
41
Who died after Solway Moss, and what effect did it have?
King James V of Scotland It made his daughter MQofS the new monarch
42
What was proposed in the treaty of Greenwich? What effect did this attempt have
The marriage of Edward to Mary but this was too much for the scots, who's nobles then looked to france for assistance in maintaining independence
43
When was, and who did the Rough wooing?
1544-45 The Earl of Hertford (Edward Seymour)
44
Why did Charles V ally with Henry again in 1542?
Because France had allied with the Ottoman Turks against the Habsburgs in 1542 Henry was also confident in his ability to win, because he had just won against scotland
45
How many troops did Henry take to France in 1544?
48,000
46
Why did the invasion of France by Charles V and HVIII fail in 1544?
Because both were fighting for their own glory, and did not manage to march together on Paris. Henry took Boulogne, and Charles made a Treaty with the French at Crepy
47
What did the French threaten in 1545, and why was this scary?
An invasion of England Because the size of the force gathering was huge
48
Why did the attempt by the french to invade fail in 1545?
Incompetence Adverse weather conditions (wind) lack of a base to land and fight from (like england had Calais) Boulogne's reinforcements held up
49
What was agreed at the 1546 Treaty of Ardres?
That the pension to Henry would be resumed and that if outstanding payments were made, that England would return Boulogne
50
How much did war against france in the 1540s cost the Crown?
£2 million
51
Who led the rebellion in 1536 in Ireland, and what was the rationale?
The tenth earl of Kildare, Thomas Fitzgerald That Henry had displaced the Pope
52
How did Henry react to the 1536 rebellions in Ireland?
He had them brutally put down, and established a more solid base of govt and removed the Fitzgeralds from being lord deputies
53
What did Henry declare about Ireland in 1540?
That there was a new Kingdom of Ireland with an english governer, and that all lands had to be surrendered to the crown and would be returned after pledges of loyalty. In return, some irish lords would get to be MPs (in practise, they still only controlled the island around Dublin)
54
What was the policy of plantations, and when did it start and end?
That English common law would be applied to Ireland, breaking down the feudal system It started under Edward and wouldn't be finished until the early seventeenth century
55
How did the new french king, Henry II, re-establish the auld alliance in 1547?
He sent 4,000 troops to Scotland
56
How big was the army that Somerset attempted to invade Scotland with?
Berwick: 16,000 infantry 4,000 cavalry 30 warships 50 supply ships From Carlisle: 2,000 infantry 500 cavalry
57
When was the Battle of Pinkie, and what did it give england control over?
1547 It gave them control over the border land But didn't have enough troops to invade
58
Where was MQofS sent in 1548, and why?
To France, to marry the dauphin (Who would become Francis II)
59
What had been lost with Somerset's foreign policy?
The links between Scotland and France had been cemented £600,000
60
What were different about Northumberland's foreign policy aims?
He was willing to give up influence in Scotland, and wanted to build a relationship with France
61
What was agreed in the treaty of Boulogne?
The english gave up Boulogne and garrisons in scotland The future marriage of EdVI and Henry II's daughter
62
How were relations to the HRE under Northumberland?
Charles was angry about the move to Protestantism meaning bad relation
63
Why did Mary marry Philip?
He was a staunch Catholic She needed to quickly produce an heir He was the son of Charles V, the most powerful man in Europe at the time
64
Why were people opposed to Mary's marriage with Spain?
Protestants were scared he would accelerate the reverse of the reformation People were afraid he would use england as a tool to expand his power without regard for the country itself There was no clear idea of how france would react to the new allyship
65
How were Philip's powers in England limited?
He was allowed his title and calling parliament and passing of laws was done in the name of the couple but he had no actual power, and could not appoint foreigners to any offices take his wife or any potential children out of mary's lands claim the throne if he outlived mary
66
What is evidence that Mary was much more invested in the marriage than Philip?
She had two false pregnancies He only visited once in 1557 after her first false pregnancy
67
Why did Mary renew war with France?
Because Philip wanted her help to invade France
68
What was the outcome of Mary's war with France?
Philip ran out of money, and within a year, she had lost Calais
69
What happened in France in 1560?
Francis II died, widowing MQofS, and starting the French wars of Religion between Catholics and Huguenots
70
Why was MQofS forced to abdicate?
The suspicious death of her husband, Lord Darnley, implicated her lover, Bothwell, so they ran away and married making her seem innapropriate to rule
71
Why could Elizabeth not help Mary regain her throne?
Because Scotland was now protestant, so they were useful allies As a catholic possible heir, she was a focal point for catholic hopes
72
When was the Ridolfi plot and who was involved in it?
It was in 1571 Robert Ridolfi, a florentine Merchant Duke of Norfolk was executed De Spes, Spanish ambassador, was expelled
73
What did the pope pronounce in 1580?
That anyone who assassinated Elizabeth with 'pious intention' was not sinning, but gaining merit by doing so
74
What plot was the Spanish ambassador after De Spes involved in?
The Throckmorton plot, he was then expelled bringing war with spain close
75
How did Elizabeth try and prevent the death of MQofS being detrimental to relations with scotland in 1587, and was it necessary?
She sent a letter to James VI, protesting her innocence in her death However he probably had no reason to fight, not knowing his mother, and being the most likely heir to Elizabeth
76
How many troops did Philip send to the Netherlands with the Duke of Alba?
10,000 in 1566
77
Why was Philip II's increasing domination over the Netherlands a concern for Elizabeth?
Much of Englands cloth trade was organised in dutch ports, particularly Antwerp More of the European coastline would be controlled by a single hostile power She did not want to outwardly encourage rebellion, because philip was still a lawful govt and it would antagonise a major power
78
Why did Philip II offer to marry Elizabeth?
Because it was more of a gesture to show support
79
When and why was the import of english cloth banned?
1563 officially, to prevent the spread of plague but also showed englands power, turning a blind eye to piracy trade returned to normal in 1564
80
When did the revolt of the Netherlands start?
1566
81
When and why did spanish govt ships attack John Hawkins?
1568 Because he was intruding on their monopoly of the atlantic slave trade
82
What was the effect of Elizabeth seixing bullion in the travel in 1568?
Alba's army was owed pay and this created a crisis Alba then confiscated all english ships at dutch docks Elizabeth banned all trade to Spain and the Netherlands (until 1573)
83
When did the Pope formally excommunicate Elizabeth, and why did it not have much effect in England?
1570 Because the catholics were repressed enough already that they couldn't take much action
84
What alliances did Elizabeth consider in the 1570s?
Marriage to the Duke of Anjou 1572- Treaty of Blois
85
When did the Duke of Parma go to the Netherlands to regain lost land, and how did Elizabeth react?
1579 She began funding Dutch rebels in 1581
86
What things from 1584-85 led to the likelihood of Anglo-Spanish war?
Mendoza was expelled as spanish ambassador after the throckmorton plot English privateers had been allowed to raid french treasure fleets The treaty of Joinville between spain and france
87
When was, and what were the terms of the treaty of Nonsuch?
1585 She agreed to send 5,000 troops and 1,000 cavalry under the earl of Leicester in exchange for the ports of Brill and Flushing, and the title protector of the netherlands
88
What made spain attacking England a realistic concept?
The murder of William the Silent The death of the duke of Alencon in france, someone who would agree to fight spain The catholics in france also ran to spain for support because a huguenot was now the heir
89
When was the Spanish Armada?
1588
90
What were the flaws in the plan for the spanish armada?
It would take long, so couldn't be a surprise to the english It depended on good communication that would be impossible after setting sail They would be sailing against the south westerly winds in the channel they were under-provisioned and poorly led Philip thought it would force elizabeth to see reason (How?)
91
What were the reasons for the utter defeat of the first Armada?
The use of fireships by the english The spanish were forced to go all the way around the british isles, getting battered by weather
92
Who and how many troops did Elizabeth send to portugal in 1589?
Francis Drake 15,000 men and 130 ships for a counter attack
93
Why was Henry IV, king of france from 1590, a potential ally and how did Elizabeth try and help him?
He was a Huguenot (protestant) She sent an english force to normandy to support him, led by the Earl of Essex
94
What did Henry IV do in 1593?
He declared himself catholic
95
What happened to Drake and Hawkins in 1595?
They embarked on an expedition to the caribean that they died on
96
What happened to the raids led on spain in 1596 and 1597?
Essex and Raleigh led them, the first was successful, and they didn't establish a base there The second one was a disaster, with quarrels and bad weather
97
When were the second and third attempts at armadas, and what happened to them?
1596 and 1597 The second which tried to invade via Ireland was battered by weather The third also failed because of weather
98
Who were Willoughby and Chancellor, and what did they do?
They were explorers under mary In 1553, they sailed north east and were blocked by ice They started the Muscovy Company, therefore profitable trade with Russia. I also helped break up the monopoly of the Hanseatic league They both died in 1555
99
Who tried and when to find routes to china north of America?
1576-78, Frobisher Drake (during circumnavigation 77-80) 1585-87, John Davis
100
What was discovered while going north?
The Frobisher Strait John Davis, mapping the arctic and that greenland was seperate to america
101
When did John Hawkins go to the caribean for the slave trade, and how did it go?
1562- success 1564- success, but prompted Philip to warn Elizabeth of privateering 1567- with a ship supplied by Elizabeth,nearly total failure, barely escaping the spanish
102
Who attempted to take spanish silver and how successful were they?
Francis 1572, captured Nombres de Dios, very successful John Oxenham, was captured and hanged
103
What did Drakes 1577-1580 circumnavigation do?
He raided the spanish Cacafuego and her silver cargo, and made 4,000% It dented Spains reputation on the seas and established confident british privateers
104
What did Richard Haklyut's book do?
It documented british exploration and encouraged interest in expansion
105
What were the attempts at american colonisation and how successful were they?
Humphrey Gilbert in 1578 and 1583, both unsuccessful Walter Raleigh, gained a patent for a colony called Virginia, but failed in 1585 and 87
106
Who attempted to branch out to trade with India, and when?
1583, Newbury and Fitch, overland journey 1591, James Lancaster sailing around africa to west indies, but was mutinied with undersupplied return
107
When and what was the most significant thing in trade with India?
The founding of the East India Company in 1600 The maiden voyage would not return until after Elizabeth's death, but it would be fundamental to the power of the british empire
108
When were, and who led the rebellions in Ireland?
1598-1603 Hugh O'Neill
109
How did Elizabeth try to solve the Irish rebellions?
She sent over Essex when he thoroughly failed, she sent Lord Mountjoy who defeated them with constant harassment

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