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1.2 Henry VIII (1509 - 1547) > Religion > Flashcards

Religion Flashcards

Renaissance ideas, reform of the Church, continuity and change by 1547

1
Q

What were the four main functions of the Catholic Church in Henry VII’s reign?

A
  • played important political role both domestically and internationally
  • provided employment and social advancement opportunities
  • maintaining social control (hierarchy)
  • meets spiritual needs of population
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2
Q

What factors influenced the reform of the Church?

link to 6KQ

A
  • individuals and groups
  • weaknesses in the Church
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3
Q

What factors influenced the reform of the Church: individuals and groups?

A
  • Henry VIII
  • reformers
  • Anne Boleyn
  • government officials
  • propaganda
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4
Q

How did Henry VIII influence the reform of the Church?

A
  • from 1529 encouraged criticism of Pope and English clergy
  • allowed reformers to speak openly as it suited his purpose of pressuring the Pope for divorce
  • reformers granted release from persecution for doing so
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5
Q

How significant is the role of Henry VIII in influencing Church reform?

A
  • fairly, as he is the King and so has significant power
  • but he is not directly encouraging Protestantism
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6
Q

How did reformers influence the reform of the Church?

A
  • reformers enabled to develop their ideas, increase support and gain influence within government and Church
    • King’s divorce
    • campaign to win European uni support
    • growing influence of sympathetic individuals such as Anne Boleyn and Cromwell
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7
Q

How significant is the role of reformers in influencing Church reform?

A
  • fairly, as closer to the King = more influence
  • but arguably, reformers wouldn’t have got significant roles without influence of Anne Boleyn
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8
Q

How did Anne Boleyn influence the reform of the Church?

A
  • drew Henry’s attention to work of Tyndale
  • protected heretics like Robert Forman in London
  • encouraged appointment of reformers to positions of power and influence within Church
  • her influence led to appointment of Latimer and Shaxton to bishop’s posts
  • influence led to selection of Cranmer as Archbishop of Canterbury in 1532
  • despite her downfall and execution, Henry’s subsequent wife (Jane Seymour) was from a Protestant leaning family
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9
Q

How significant is the role of Anne Boleyn in influencing Church reform?

A
  • greatly, as her influence did not die with her
  • she encouraged Protestantism
  • arguably fueled Henry’s Protestant inclination
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10
Q

How did government officials influence the reform of the Church?

A
  • by 1536, individuals favouring Luther’s reforms were firmly established in gov.
    • and able to start influencing religious debate at court, despite Henry’s aversion to doctrine changes
  • preachers such as Bale, Crome and Barnes spread Protestant teachings in London
  • Cranmer encouraged Protestantism in Suffolk, Essex and Kent
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11
Q

How significant is the role of government officials in influencing Church reform?

A
  • fairly, as power = influence over Henry
  • start religious debate at court
  • encouragement of reformers
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12
Q

How did propaganda influence the reform of the Church?

A
  • government actively promoted Reformation
    • preambles to the Acts phrased in way that appealed to the Bible and early history of Church, where temporal leaders had political control over Church
  • conservatives published propaganda to emphasise necessity of obedience to king
  • pamphlet (‘True Obedience’ - necessary hierarchy of obedience in society) by Gardiner, Bishop of Winchester and one of king’s secretaries
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13
Q

How significant is the role of propaganda in influencing Church reform?

A
  • large-ish / fairly, as reinforces Henry as leader of Church
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14
Q

What factors influenced the reform of the Church: weaknesses in the Church?

A
  • corruption
  • anticlericalism
  • decline of monasticism
  • possible early English Protestantism
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15
Q

How did corruption within the Church influence the reform of the Church?

A
  • range of corruption offences within Church
    • pluralism (receiving profits from more than one post)
    • simony (purchase of Church office)
    • non-residence (receiving profits for post but not present to perform duties)
  • best example is Wolsey
  • many other clergymen corrupt
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16
Q

How significant is the role of corruption within the Church in influencing Church reform?

A
  • fairly, as various clergy were corrupt, which puts more pressure on them/reduces their credibility = decreases influence of Catholicism
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17
Q

How did anticlericalism influence the reform of the Church?

A
  • some common lawyers objected to influence of canon law/Church law
  • objections to privileges of clergy
  • death of Richard Hunne (1514)
    • found dead in Bishop of London’s prison, staged to look like he killed himself, but was actually murdered as result of torture gone wrong
    • disastrous for reputation of Church in the short term
      • however, unlikely to be at forefront of minds of critics of Church in 1530s-40
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18
Q

How significant is the role of anticlericalism in influencing Church reform?

A
  • fairly, but can argue that the Hunne case of 1514 was not very relevant in 1530s
  • also objection of Church law and clergy privileges
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19
Q

How did the decline of monasticism influence the reform of the Church?

A
  • argued that operation of religious houses was open to criticism
  • reasons to dissolve monasteries existed by 1530s
  • Wolsey secured dissolution of 20 houses in 1520s to fund establishment of Cardinal College
  • argued that larger monasteries had become substantial businesses with huge resources
    • easy and quick to dissolve monasteries support argument
  • however, some orders such as Observant Franciscans and Bridgettines were doing well right up until final dissolution
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20
Q

How significant is the role of decline in monasticism in influencing Church reform?

A
  • fairly, as Wolsey practically started dissolution of monasteries in 1520s
  • ability to close monasteries easily and quickly shows the decline, plus that they were more business-like
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21
Q

How did early English Protestantism influence the reform of the Church?

A
  • after Martin Luther’s attack on Catholic Church starting in 1517, no substantial movement toward Protestantism
  • some Lollard beliefs remained
  • nucleus of future reformers in Cambridge in 1520s who met for religious discussions
    • leading figure was Barnes
    • most influential member was Cranmer
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22
Q

How significant is the role of early English Protestantism in influencing Church reform?

A
  • limited, as little evidence to support committed Protestantism, despite Cranmer influence
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23
Q

How did Erasmianism influence the reform of the Church?

A
  • argued that years after 1529 showed group of humanists with ideals based on ideas of Erasmus helping to shape royal policy
    • but, More and Bishop Fisher died for their opposition to religious changes
  • some reformers has humanist connections, including Cranmer
  • but not all reformers were humanists
  • not all humanists were reformers, or went along with reforms in order to maintain their lives
  • humanist approach to reform persisted during final years of Henry VIII’s reign
    • Cranmer continued to enjoy king’s favour despite attack from enemies such as Duke of Norfolk
  • Henry turned to humanists Cheke to tutor Edward, and Ascham to tutor Elizabeth
  • humanist circle around Katherine Parr, who had a humanist education
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24
Q

How significant is the role of Erasmianism in influencing Church reform?

A
  • fairly, as influence of Cranmer and Katherine Parr, but not completely humanist reform
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25
Q

What was structural reform?

A

relating to the arrangement of and relations between parts of a complex whole
- positions of power being changed
- e.g. positions of clergy etc, buildings and religious houses

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26
Q

What was doctrinal reform?

A

beliefs or set of beliefs of the Church
- e.g. beliefs about transubstantiation
- beliefs held by popular people

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27
Q

What were the key events of the Reformation?

(both Protestant and Catholic)

A
  • 1534
    • Act of Supremacy
    • Cromwell appointed Viceregent in Sprirtuals
  • 1536
    • Royal Injunctions
    • The Ten Articles of Faith
  • 1537
    • first official translation of Bible in English was published
    • a Bishop’s Book is published
  • 1538
    • pilgrimages and veneration of relics were condemned as ‘works devised by men’s fantasies’
    • extension of Royal injunctions
  • 1539
    • The Six Articles Act
    • first edition of the Great Bible
  • 1543
    • King’s Book
    • Act for the Advancement of True Religion

General:
- six new areas under jurisdiction of a bishop were created
- spiritual jurisdiction continued in hands of archbishops and bishops
- Cromwell’s waning influence

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28
Q

What was the 1534 Act of Supremacy?

A

confirms Henry VIII is Supreme Head of the Church of England

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29
Q

What did Cromwell’s appointment as Viceregent in Spirituals mean?

A
  • he was second only to the king
  • outranked archbishops and bishops
  • considerable power over Church
  • position died with him
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30
Q

What were the 1536 Royal Injunctions?

A
  • began attack on traditional religious practices
  • extended in 1538
  • encouraged more moral conduct
  • restriction on number of holy days
  • discouraged pilgrimage
  • ordered clergy to follow Ten Articles and explain them to their congregation
31
Q

What were the 1536 Ten Articles of Faith?

A
  • ‘devised by the King’s highness’ majesty to establish Christian quietness and unity’
  • included some Lutheran ideas
  • retained strongly Catholic elements
  • some aspects were vague
  • showed both Lutheran and Catholic influences
32
Q

What did the publication of the first official translation of the Bible in English in 1537 mean?

A
  • based very much on the work of Tyndale
  • Henry persuaded by Cranmer to sanction it
  • royal proclamation in 1538 ordered that a copy should be in every parish church
  • distinctly Protestant
  • laid foundations for variety of religious beliefs that appeared in 16th century
33
Q

What did the publication of A Bishop’s Book in 1537 mean?

A
  • offered interpretations and advice
  • attacked abuses and superstitions associated with the Church
  • encouraged Protestant reformers
  • restored the four sacraments omitted from the Ten Articles, but were given lower status
  • more conservative than Ten Articles
34
Q

What was the extension of the Royal injunctions in 1538?

A

required each parish church to acquire an English Bible

35
Q

What did the condemnation of pilgrimages and veneration of relics and images in 1538 mean?

A
  • clergy who had upheld the virtues of pilgrimages, relics etc were required to publicy recant
36
Q

What was the 1539 Six Articles Act?

A
  • reasserted Catholic doctrine
  • denial of transubstantiation was deemed heretical
  • founded on assumption that there had been too much religious controversy, which undermined the good ordering of society
37
Q

What did the appearance of the first edition of the Great Bible in 1539 mean?

A
  • had a little page showing Henry VIII, offering word of God on one hand to Cranmer and bishops, and the other hand to Cromwell and other politicians
  • saying that Henry is next down from God, and superior and Head of Church
38
Q

What was the 1543 King’s Book?

A
  • revised the Bishop’s Book
  • emphasis largely conservative
  • some Lutheran hints
39
Q

What was the 1543 Act for the Advancement of True Religion?

A
  • restricted the public reading of the Bible to upper class nobles
  • as Henry was becoming fearful of allowing the ‘wrong sorts of people to read the wrong parts of the Bible’
  • feared loosening of social control
40
Q

How Protestant was the Reformation?

A
  • by 1540s more Catholic, due to Henry’s fear of too much reform and lack of social control
  • overall generally more Protestant
  • Cromwell’s downfall = less Protestant
  • Henry VIII still Catholic, only reformed out of convenience for divorce
41
Q

What was the Dissolution of the Monasteries?

A

the closing of religious houses and monasteries in England and Wales by 1540

42
Q

What were the factors that caused the Dissolution of the Monasteries?

A
  • powerful reputation of monasteries within the Church
  • abuses and corruption of monasteries
  • wealth of the monasteries
  • land of the monasteries
  • monasteries were reminders of the Catholic Church
  • main reason for monasteries was not in keeping with new Protestant theology
43
Q

How did the powerful reputation of monasteries within the Church help cause their dissolution?

A
  • had been treated with awe and respect
  • monks, nuns and other members of regular clergy set themselves apart from the community
44
Q

How did the abuses and corruption of the monasteries help cause their dissolution?

A
  • by 16th century, high regard had declined
  • originally those who dedicated their lives to prayer lived simple lives, but some had acquired servants and luxuries
  • Henry ordered inspections of religious houses, and found abuses were common
  • Cromwell had ordered the inspectors to find the most damaging pieces of evidence, even using gossip
45
Q

How did the wealth of the monasteries help cause their dissolution?

A
  • 1535 Cromwell commissioned a survey of the property and value of smaller monasteries
  • survey said they had the potential to double Crown’s annual income
  • Henry needed money to further his ambitions abroad, for which Henry wouldn’t use Parliament, as it wouldn’t support war
46
Q

How did the land of the monasteries help cause their dissolution?

A
  • seizure of monastic lands would also give the Crown additional property to distribute as a way of buying support from nobility and gentry
  • ensure loyalty
47
Q

How did the fact that monasteries were reminders of the Catholic Church help cause their dissolution?

A

although monks and nuns had been forced to swear an oath recognising Henry as head of Church, they were potential centres of resistance to royal supremacy

48
Q

How did the fact that the main reason for monasteries was not in keeping with Protestant theology help causes their dissolution?

A
  • monasteries were deemed outdated and irrelevant institutions
  • not really needed in society anymore
49
Q

What was the process of the dissolution?

A
  • 1534
    • Act of First Fruits and Tenths
    • Act of Supremacy
  • 1535
    • Valor Ecclesiasticus
    • second commission
  • 1536
    • gaining evidence for dissolution
    • Act of Parliament
  • 1537 - 38
    • closures continued, but some religious houses bribed officials to overlook them temporarily
    • opposition of Carthusian monks to dissolution led to their execution on Henry’s orders
  • 1539
    • Parliament passed the Act for the Dissolution of Larger Monasteries
      • extending closures to all religious houses except chantries
  • 1540
    • by March 1540, all remaining religious houses had been dissolved
    • the Court of augmentations was established, with Richard Rich as Chancellor, to handle the property and income from the dissolved monasteries
50
Q

In summary, what was the process of the Dissolution?

A
  • gathered evidence to show religious houses were unfit to continue
  • began to dissolve smaller monasteries
  • movements made to abolish the rest
51
Q

What were the effects of the Dissolution?

A
  • loss of tradition
  • the monetary benefit for the King and nobility
  • limited long term financial independence for Crown
  • strengthen nobility
  • Protestantism benefited
  • unemployment
  • impact on education
52
Q

How did the Dissolution effect tradition?

A
  • within 5 years, Cromwell had ended tradition of English monasticism that had been going for 5 centuries
  • many monastic buildings fell into disrepair, while others were sold off to become houses for the wealthy
  • ‘vandalism’ because religious houses had their valuables melted down, regardless of religious worth
53
Q

How widespread was the impact of loss of tradition and how significant was it?

A
  • national removal of English monasticism
  • fairly significant as destroyed long standing tradition
    • could cause anger?
54
Q

How did the Dissolution effect the monetary gains for the King and nobility?

A
  • Henry’s seizure of lands and assets brought him great wealth
  • total value of dissolution amounted to 10% of entire wealth of kingdom
  • biggest example of land redistribution since 1066
  • money used to finance Henry’s ambitious foreign policy
55
Q

How widespread was the impact of the monetary gains for the King and nobility and how significant was it?

A
  • Henry had a massive influx of wealth
  • very significant as it gave Henry the means to fund foreign policy
    • but he ended up spending too much
  • not significantly widespread, as main beneficiaries were the King and nobility
56
Q

How did the Dissolution effect the financial independence of the Crown?

A
  • as cost of war continued and escalated, Henry and his successors sold off monastic lands to raise money
    • usually sold off at full market value, very little given as rewards
  • after fall of Cromwell, land was sold rapidly
  • more than half of the monastic land was sold off between 1543 and 1547
57
Q

How widespread was the impact of the limited long term financial independence of the Crown and how significant was it?

A
  • Crown lost control of these lands and the possibility of collecting taxes in the future
  • very widespread as the land was all over the country
58
Q

How did the Dissolution effect the strength of the nobility?

A
  • much of the property was bought by members of nobility to strengthen their existing regional holdings
  • also bought by lesser gentry as a way of establishing their presence in local community
59
Q

How widespread was the impact of the increase in strength of the nobility and how significant was it?

A
  • widespread as all over the country
  • significant to a large extent as the increase in influence of the gentry illustrated an important change in society from traditional ruling elite to more widely-based rule
  • increase in strength of nobility in general meant they had more power
    • possible threat in future?
60
Q

How did the Dissolution effect Protestantism?

A

Protestants benefited as it limited the possibility of a return to Catholicism in England

61
Q

How widespread was the impact of the Dissolution on Protestantism and how significant was it?

A
  • widespread, all over the country
  • fairly significant, as limited potential to be Catholic again
62
Q

How did the Dissolution effect unemployment?

A
  • main losers were inhabitants of monasteries and to some extent, the local communities around them
  • monasteries offered services to people living nearby
    • these services were not entirely taken over by other institutions
  • monks and nuns lost their work and accommodation, but compensated with pensions or one off payments
    • one monk still receiving pension in 1607 (significant as wasn’t Tudor reign anymore)
  • 1/5 of ex-monks able to secure paid positions within the Church
63
Q

How widespread was the impact of unemployment and how significant was it?

A
  • very widespread as all over country
  • very significant, as had to compensate monks and nuns, even until 1607 in the Stuart reign
  • although can be argued that it did not contribute to increase in poverty, as impact on each local community was not that great
    • there were also opportunities within the church or homes of Catholic families that could be taken up
64
Q

How did the Dissolution effect education?

A
  • monasteries were where sons and daughters of well-off families may go to receive education
  • libraries that were established there were broken up (collectors or burned)
  • some new cathedrals were founded from what had been religious institutions
    • e.g. Peterborough Cathedral
  • some schools that had been attached reopened
65
Q

How widespread was the impact of education and how significant was it?

A
  • due to destruction, well-off families had to find other places to send their children for education
  • partially significant as mainly effected well-off families
  • fairly widespread
66
Q

What was religion like in England by 1547?

Plot on a line of Catholic > Neutral > Protestant

(1)

A
  • some aspects of English Church in 1547 would have been familiar to someone at the start of Henry VIII’s reign in 1509
  • neutral
67
Q

What was religion like in England by 1547?

Plot on a line of Catholic > Neutral > Protestant

(2)

A
  • hierarchy of Church remained mostly intact
  • little attempt to alter interior of churches
  • services remained traditional
  • passing of Six Articles act in 1539 and fall of Cromwell in 1540 had seriously weakened the cause of religious reform
  • services still in Latin
  • music still important
  • Catholic
68
Q

What was religion like in England by 1547?

Plot on a line of Catholic > Neutral > Protestant

(3)

A
  • jurisdiction of Pope destroyed
  • king more visible authority figure than Pope
  • monasteries dissolved
  • massive transfer of resources from Church to Crown
  • parish churches required to possess English Bibles (though many did not)
  • Protestant
69
Q

What was religion like in England by 1547?

Plot on a line of Catholic > Neutral > Protestant

(4)

A
  • by 1547, the Church of England had become established in its organisation under Henry VIII as Supreme Head
    • rather than Pope
  • monasteries had all been dissolved
  • Protestant
70
Q

What was religion like in England by 1547?

Plot on a line of Catholic > Neutral > Protestant

(5)

A
  • religious culture had been influenced by humanism
    • contributed to undermining of traditional Church
  • by end of Henry VIII’s reign, humanism set to become even more influential
  • but, undoubted humanism of Catholic martyrs (e.g. More and Fisher) shows how diverse humanist influence had become
  • wider Renaissance culture had become firmly entrenched at court and in circles of wealthy and well educated
  • would retain its cultural prominence for the rest of the century
  • Neutral
71
Q

What was religion like in England by 1547?

Plot on a line of Catholic > Neutral > Protestant

(6)

A
  • the Six Articles Act of 1539 brought to a temporary end the gradual process of introducing Protestant beliefs
  • reintroduced a strongly Catholic interpretation into Church services
  • enforced Catholic beliefs about transubstantiation
  • emphasises seven sacraments of the Catholic Church as essential for salvation
  • Catholic
72
Q

What was religion like in England by 1547?

Plot on a line of Catholic > Neutral > Protestant

(7)

A
  • reaction against Protestant ideas was another indication that the English Reformation would not progress as smoothly as some on the continent
  • fall of Cromwell and apparent success of pro-Catholic conservative faction seemed to mark new stage in developments
73
Q
A

1.2 Henry VIII (1509 - 1547) (6 decks)

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