Reliability and Validity Flashcards
what is the inter-rater reliability for schiz according to DSM
just a number
0.46
three researchers we need to know for RELIABILITY
and years
Harrison et al 1984
Copeland et al 1971
Luhrman et al 2015
Harrison et al 1984
West india origins
were overdiagnosed by white doctors from Bristol
hearing voices and hallucinations are more acceptable
Copeland et al 1971
gave a describtion of patient to
143 US psychiatrists and 194 UK psychiatrists
69% US diagnosed with schiz
and only 2% UK diagnosed with schiz
no research has found the reason for that. suggesting that the symptoms of ethnic minorities are misinterpreted
4 issues with VALIDITY
Co-Morbidity
Symptoms Overlap
Gender bias
Culture bias
co-morbidity
the extant to which two disorders can occur at the same time,
Buckley: have of ppl with schiz also have depression
and severre depression can be diagnosed like schiz
which leads to the question can we differntiate at all???
symptom overlap
schiz and bipolar share symptoms like avoilition and delusions.
using ICD a patient can be diagnosed w schiz
using DSM a patient can be diagnosed w bipolar
or mb the two disorders are the same
gender bias
statistically more men are being diagosed
it can be due to the influence of stereoptypes when ppl being diagnosed
or due to criteria in DSM
Browerman: US clinicians associated mentally healthy adult as a healthy ‘man’ (androsentism)
culture bias
Afro-Caribians are 7 time more likely to be diagnosed w schiz, than white ppl
which suggest diagnisis for A-C lacks validity
eval 1 top
s-o
symptom overlap lowers validity
eval 1 point
symptom overlap
classification of +ive and -ive doesnt help to differentiate between disorders, as bipolar + schiz = share a few
Ophoff et al 2011 - assessed genetic material of 50 000 ppl, and found 7 gene locations associated w schiz. However, 3/7 were the same for bipolar
Suggesting a biological reason for overlap
eval 2 tail
symptom overlap
this shows the reason for overlap and its effect on validity
eval 1 double
symptom overlap
Ellason + Ross
ppl with DID have more signs of schiz than ppl diagnosed with schiz
using ICD = schiz
using DSM = bipolar
eval 2 top
gender bias
not only diagnosis lacks validity
women also receive less treatment
eval 2 point
gender bias
Longenecker et al 2010
men diagnosed more often
can be bcs they are genetically more vulnurable
but also women cope better, w sypmtopms still able to live normal life
Cotton et al 2009
female continue working while showing sympotms
leading to underdiagnosing them
eval 2 tail
leads to women showing the symptoms, but not receiving treatment
which later leads to devastating consequences, as if schiz brain isnt being treated - brain strophy accelerates
eval 3 top
culture bias
culture bias also lowers reliability and validity
eval 3 point
culture bias
often A-C and Afro- American are being over diagnosed - comparing to white western patients
this is due to hearing voices in their cultures being desirable, while for western culture it is a +ive symptom
Escobar: said that clinicians are predominantly white-west, so they over-interpret symptoms
eval 3 tail
culture bias
lack of cross-cultural reliability leads to unnecessary labeling, not needed treatment
eval 4 top
co-m
co-morbidity itself lowers validity
eval 4 point
co-morbidity
schiz is often diagnosed not by itself,
half of cases also include depression
eval 4 tail
co-morbidity
impacts validity, as ppl may be diagnosed w the wrong disorder
patients who show only -ive sympotms - can be diagnosed mistakenly w depression
