Releshonships Flashcards
Anisogamy
what is anisogamy?
what is difference between males and women sex cells?
what is 2 consequences of anisogamy?
difference between males and females sex cells
- males are small, highly mobile and dont require alot of energy to produce.
- females are large, limited and require alot of energy to produce.
- consequence
no shortage for fertile males but female is “rare” source. - also leads to 2 different mating strategies : inter and intra sexual selection
inter sexual selection
what is inter sexual selection? (2)
what are females choosier and who did they pick?
what is runway process?
when female chooses
- female chooses quality of quantity
- females lose more resource than men if they choose substandard partners so that is why they are choosier
- so they pick a genetically fit partner who is able to provide resource. this leaves males competing against each other to be picked by the women.
- runway process = when female chooses a desirable charactersitics and this trait is inhertited by her son. for e.g if height is considered attractive then this would increase in the male population because females would mate with taller males and overtime produce sons which are taller and daughters who have preference for taller men.
intra sexual selection
what is intra sexual selectionn?
what do males prefer?+ what is reason?
how do they do it?
when males compete to mate with a female
males prefer quantity over quality.
- they aim is to have as many partners as possible.
- they compete with each other (other males) to present themselves as the most attractive mate encouraging features such as muscles which indicate to females the ability to protect both them and their offspring.
evaluation
3 evaluations on sexual selection
2 strengths
1 weakness
- david buss (1989) conducted a survey on 10,000 adults in 33 countries.
- he asked them what their preference is. he found females preferred resource related characterisitics such as good finacial prospectus and ambition. males preffered reproductive capacity in terms of good looking, chastity and preffered younger females.
- this findings support sex difference in mating strategies due to ansigomay. s
2.hatfield (1998) showed female choosiness. male and female psychology students were sent out across university campus. they approached other students and asked “i noticed you around campus and i find you really attractive would you go to bed with me tonight?” not a single female said yes whereas 75% of males said yes. this supports their evolutionary theory because it suggest females are choosier than males when it comes to selecting partners.
3) ignores cultural factors.
for e.g traditional view that women are looking for resourceful male to provide for her and her offspring is outdated because of the changes of role of women in workplace. bereczeksi argues social changes like women in workplace has affected female preference as they no longer looking for resourceful males. this shows mate preference cannot simply be understood by evolution alone and such theory of sexual selection can be viewed as reductionist.
factors affecting self-disclosure
what is 4 things you could talk about when speaking about it in a essay?
- definition of self-disclosure
- what is social penetration theory and who made it
- what are two elements of self-disclosure. ( breadth and depth) + shaver input
- evaluation
what is self disclosure
revealing personal information about yourself.
social penetration theory
- who made it?
- what is social penetration theory?
- what is 3 things you could talk about?
Taylor (1973)
social penetration theory gradual process of revealing personal information about yourself to your partner
- it includes your deepest thoughts and feelings
- its reciprocal change between both partners. when one partner reveal’s information about themselves so would the other partner displaying trust.
- when they both reveal information about each other they penetrate each other’s life.
what is two elements of self disclosure?
+ who added their input
breadth and depth
- this when romantic partners become committed to each other.
- researchers use metaphor of the layer of onions to illustrate this process
- in the beginning of the relationship we reveal superficial information about ourselves that we can reveal to anyone. however, as relationship becomes more intimate, we would reveal deeper information that wouldn’t just tell everyone.
shaver (1988) adds in order for relationship to develop and breadth and depth increase there must be reciprocal element to disclosure. once you reveal information about yourself hopefully your partner would respond in that way Aswell.
what is evaluation of social disclosure?
1 strengths
1 weakness
1 strength
- supported by research. Hartford (1998) found that 57% of gay women and men considered self-disclosure as main way of maintaining close relationships. this shows the importance of self-disclosure in romantic relationship just as theory predicted.
- social penetration theory does not apply to all cultures. for e.g tang reviewed research into self-disclosure and found that women and men in the USA disclose more information about themselves than men and women in China. therefore, you cannot generalise the findings.
- self-disclosure can help people who want to improve their communication with relationships. this can be done in counselling, and they can be taught how to communicate and deepen their bond.
factors affecting : physical attraction
what is 4 things you could speak about in physical attraction.
- definition of physical attraction
- what people find attractive
- 2 psychologist - what is halo effect + 1 psychologist
- what is matching hypothesis?
- what is evaluation?
what is physical attraction definition?
who is 2 psychologist and what do they say?
physical attraction: how appealing we find another person face.
- Shackelford and Larsen found that people will symmetrical faces are seen as more attractive. this is because its honest sign of genetic fitness.
- people are also attracted to people with baby face features such as having delicate chin, small nose and large eyes.
what is halo effect?
who is psychologist for evidence?
halo effect is when a distinct feature (physical attractiveness) tends to have disproportionate influence on our judgement of their other attributes such as personality.
- Dion et al found that physically attractive people are seen as kind, sociable and successful than unattractive people. the belief that good looking people have these characteristics makes them more attractive to us, so we behave positively towards them this is self-fulfilling prophecy.
what is matching hypothesis definition?
although physical attractiveness is desirable our common sense tells us we can’t form relationships with the most attractive people. therefore, when people are choosing romantic partners, they compromise and be realistic and choose potential partners who have similar attraction levels to those who they deem attractive.
evaluation for factors affecting physical attractiveness.
research to support halo effect. palmer and Peterson (2012) found that physically more attractive people were seen as more “politically knowledgeable”. the halo effect so powerful even though individuals knew that people had no experience. this has implication as politicians are judged merely because they are attractive not because they have knowledge.
- matching hypothesis only relates to short term relationships. however, when people are searching for long term relationships, they look at similar values and needs for satisfaction rather than physical attractiveness. this questions validity of matching hypothesis as it will only describe a limited number of relationships.
- towhey 1979 gave participants a photo and biological information about them. participants were asked how much they liked they people in photographs. towhey found physical attractiveness was more important to people who displayed sexist attitudes. this suggest that whether or not physical attractiveness is important factor depends on person.
factors affecting attraction: filter theory
in essay question, what are 5 things you speak about?
- what is filter theory and who came up with filter theory
- key words such as field of available and field of desirables
- what are 3 factors that act as filters? - social demography (first filter)
- similarity in attitudes (2nd filter)
- complementary (3rd filter)
- evaluation
