Relationships and Behavior Flashcards
Learning
process of determining what behaviors are acceptable and what consequences certain behaviors have in a society
Conditioning or associative learning
associating a neutral stimulus with a response; gut decisions, intuitive feelings, salivation and bell ringing
Stimulus discrimination
learned “lack of response” - not responding to a thing that looks like a conditioned stimulus
stimulus generalization
responding to a stimulus that looks like a conditioned stimulus
spontaneous recovery
responding to a conditioned stimulus after a period of lessened response
reinforcement and punishment
reinforcement - increase the frequency of behavior
punishment - decrease the frequency of behavior
positive/negative reinforcement/punishment
positive or negative - added or taken away
escape conditioning
type of learning that allows the subject to escape or evade unpleasant stimulus
avoidance conditioning
type of learning that allows the subject to avoid the unpleasant stimulus in the first place altogether
continuous vs partial reinforcement
continuous - rewarding every time
partial - rewarding some of the time
fixed/variable ratio
fixed/variable interval
fixed ratio - rewarding every third time for example, after a specified number of responses
variable ratio - rewarding after an unpredictable responses
fixed/variable interval - has to do with time
mirror neurons: what is it and what’s required?
neurons fired in the brain when observing and learning what a person is doing; it requires vicarious emotion, the ability to empathize or experience what others are feeling
fires both to a person completing an action and the other person who is observing the same action
how humans learn by imitation
vicarious emotion
feeling the emotions of others as if it were one’s own
Social behavior: What is it and what are the examples of social behavior?
all interactions taking place between members of the same species
built into the biology of the organism because it confers evolutionary benefits
attraction
aggression
social support
attachment
Altruism
acts that are disadvantageous to the person acting them but advantageous to the members of its social group
Inclusive fitness
increasing fitness through altruistic behaviors of the offspring of close relatives
Group
application to understand decision making processes in social behaviors like altruism and competition.
complex mathematical formula that represent complex decision making - modeled like a multiplayer game in which each player plays cooperative or competitive strategies
the success of an individual depends on the decisions of other players - most successful strategy results in greater fitness, favored by natural selection
Organization
a collection of individuals joining together to coordinate their interactions toward a specific goal
Role
expected behavior in a particular situation - often a individual will play distinct roles in different groups or settings depending on person’s status within the group, network, or organization
Groupthink
phenomenon where a group’s members tend to think alike and agree for the sake of group harmony - members may self-censor ideas or opinions that go against group norms
Creates the illusion that the group is unanimous in its actions which may make the members think that the decision is correct
Front stage self
behaviors that a player performs in front of an audience; the player knows that he/she is being watched and acts in meaningful was to give the audience a certain perception of the behavior
Back stage self
behavior that a player performs backstage around crew members; may act in was that are inappropriate in front of an audience
Group polarization
the attitude of the group as a whole toward a particular issue becomes stronger than the attitudes of its individual members - group decisions are not the average of the individual desires, instead reflecting those desires taken to an extreme
Peer pressure
social influence exerted b one’s peers to act in a way that is acceptable or similar to their own behavior
Social facilitation - when is it more pronounced?
tendency to perform better when a person knows he is being watched - more pronounced in tasks at which the performer is highly skilled or practiced
when carrying out new or uncomfortable tasks, an individual performs worse in front of an audience
bystander effect
onlookers in a crowd fail to offer assistance to a person who is in trouble because they assume that someone else will help
Social Loafing - what is it and when is it common? And when is it less likely to occur?
when members of a group decrease intensity or pace of their own work with the intention of letting other groups members work harder - attempt to do less work and gain a free ride off the work of someone else
common when an individual is not accountable for their own portion of the greater project
less likely to social loaf when members feel that other people are not available, or willing or able to complete the necessary work
Deindividuation
occurs when people lose awareness of their individuality and instead immerse in the mood or activities of a crowd - mob mentality
Socialization
process by which people learn the customs and values of their culture - begin early in childhood and develop over a lifetime
occurs through observational learning and also operant conditioning
Social norms
rules the community members are expected to follow
conformity
tendency of individuals to change their attitudes, opinions, or behaviors to align with group norms
Deviance
When a person is unable to recognize social norms or chooses not to follow them - behavior that violates social expectations
Stigma
a negative social label that changes a person’s social identity by classifying the labeled person as abnormal or tainted in some respect - from a behavior that defies social norms
Ethnocentrism
belief that one’s group is of central importance and includes the tendency to judge the practices of other groups by one’s own cultural standards
Cultural relativism
practice of trying to understand a culture on its own terms and to judge a culture by its own standards
in group vs. out group
ingroup - group that shares identity and members feel loyal to ea ch other
out group - group where members don’t identify with each other and feel hostile toward each other
bias
where individuals favor the in-group and devalues out-groups
prejudice
strict generalizations about other groups or categories of people
power, prestige, and class contribute to the effect that prejudice has on the lives and opportunities of individuals
discrimination
unfair treatment of others based on their membership in a specific social group - mediated by factors like power, prestige, and class like prejudice
stereotype
concept about a group or category of people that includes the belief that all members of that group share certain characteristics - can be positive, negative or neutral
stereotype threat
anxiety and resulting impaired performance that a person may experience when confronted with negative stereotype about a group in which he/she belongs to
