Relationships and Behavior

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

process of determining what behaviors are acceptable and what consequences certain behaviors have in a society

Question 2

Conditioning or associative learning

Answer 2

associating a neutral stimulus with a response; gut decisions, intuitive feelings, salivation and bell ringing

Question 3

Stimulus discrimination

Answer 3

learned “lack of response” - not responding to a thing that looks like a conditioned stimulus

Question 4

stimulus generalization

Answer 4

responding to a stimulus that looks like a conditioned stimulus

Question 5

spontaneous recovery

Answer 5

responding to a conditioned stimulus after a period of lessened response

Question 6

reinforcement and punishment

Answer 6

reinforcement - increase the frequency of behavior

punishment - decrease the frequency of behavior

Question 7

positive/negative reinforcement/punishment

Answer 7

positive or negative - added or taken away

Question 8

escape conditioning

Answer 8

type of learning that allows the subject to escape or evade unpleasant stimulus

Question 9

avoidance conditioning

Answer 9

type of learning that allows the subject to avoid the unpleasant stimulus in the first place altogether

Question 10

continuous vs partial reinforcement

Answer 10

continuous - rewarding every time

partial - rewarding some of the time

Question 11

fixed/variable ratio

fixed/variable interval

Answer 11

fixed ratio - rewarding every third time for example, after a specified number of responses
variable ratio - rewarding after an unpredictable responses
fixed/variable interval - has to do with time

Question 12

mirror neurons: what is it and what’s required?

Answer 12

neurons fired in the brain when observing and learning what a person is doing; it requires vicarious emotion, the ability to empathize or experience what others are feeling

fires both to a person completing an action and the other person who is observing the same action

how humans learn by imitation

Question 13

vicarious emotion

Answer 13

feeling the emotions of others as if it were one’s own

Question 14

Social behavior: What is it and what are the examples of social behavior?

Answer 14

all interactions taking place between members of the same species

built into the biology of the organism because it confers evolutionary benefits

attraction
aggression
social support
attachment

Question 15

Altruism

Answer 15

acts that are disadvantageous to the person acting them but advantageous to the members of its social group

Question 16

Inclusive fitness

Answer 16

increasing fitness through altruistic behaviors of the offspring of close relatives

Question 17

Group

Answer 17

application to understand decision making processes in social behaviors like altruism and competition.

complex mathematical formula that represent complex decision making - modeled like a multiplayer game in which each player plays cooperative or competitive strategies

the success of an individual depends on the decisions of other players - most successful strategy results in greater fitness, favored by natural selection

Question 18

Organization

Answer 18

a collection of individuals joining together to coordinate their interactions toward a specific goal

Question 19

Role

Answer 19

expected behavior in a particular situation - often a individual will play distinct roles in different groups or settings depending on person’s status within the group, network, or organization

Question 20

Groupthink

Answer 20

phenomenon where a group’s members tend to think alike and agree for the sake of group harmony - members may self-censor ideas or opinions that go against group norms

Creates the illusion that the group is unanimous in its actions which may make the members think that the decision is correct

Question 21

Front stage self

Answer 21

behaviors that a player performs in front of an audience; the player knows that he/she is being watched and acts in meaningful was to give the audience a certain perception of the behavior

Question 22

Back stage self

Answer 22

behavior that a player performs backstage around crew members; may act in was that are inappropriate in front of an audience

Question 23

Group polarization

Answer 23

the attitude of the group as a whole toward a particular issue becomes stronger than the attitudes of its individual members - group decisions are not the average of the individual desires, instead reflecting those desires taken to an extreme

Question 24

Peer pressure

Answer 24

social influence exerted b one’s peers to act in a way that is acceptable or similar to their own behavior

Question 25

Social facilitation - when is it more pronounced?

Answer 25

tendency to perform better when a person knows he is being watched - more pronounced in tasks at which the performer is highly skilled or practiced

when carrying out new or uncomfortable tasks, an individual performs worse in front of an audience

Question 26

bystander effect

Answer 26

onlookers in a crowd fail to offer assistance to a person who is in trouble because they assume that someone else will help

Question 27

Social Loafing - what is it and when is it common? And when is it less likely to occur?

Answer 27

when members of a group decrease intensity or pace of their own work with the intention of letting other groups members work harder - attempt to do less work and gain a free ride off the work of someone else

common when an individual is not accountable for their own portion of the greater project

less likely to social loaf when members feel that other people are not available, or willing or able to complete the necessary work

Question 28

Deindividuation

Answer 28

occurs when people lose awareness of their individuality and instead immerse in the mood or activities of a crowd - mob mentality

Question 29

Socialization

Answer 29

process by which people learn the customs and values of their culture - begin early in childhood and develop over a lifetime

occurs through observational learning and also operant conditioning

Question 30

Social norms

Answer 30

rules the community members are expected to follow

Question 31

conformity

Answer 31

tendency of individuals to change their attitudes, opinions, or behaviors to align with group norms

Question 32

Deviance

Answer 32

When a person is unable to recognize social norms or chooses not to follow them - behavior that violates social expectations

Question 33

Stigma

Answer 33

a negative social label that changes a person’s social identity by classifying the labeled person as abnormal or tainted in some respect - from a behavior that defies social norms

Question 34

Ethnocentrism

Answer 34

belief that one’s group is of central importance and includes the tendency to judge the practices of other groups by one’s own cultural standards

Question 35

Cultural relativism

Answer 35

practice of trying to understand a culture on its own terms and to judge a culture by its own standards

Question 36

in group vs. out group

Answer 36

ingroup - group that shares identity and members feel loyal to ea ch other

out group - group where members don’t identify with each other and feel hostile toward each other

Question 37

bias

Answer 37

where individuals favor the in-group and devalues out-groups

Question 38

prejudice

Answer 38

strict generalizations about other groups or categories of people

power, prestige, and class contribute to the effect that prejudice has on the lives and opportunities of individuals

Question 39

discrimination

Answer 39

unfair treatment of others based on their membership in a specific social group - mediated by factors like power, prestige, and class like prejudice

Question 40

stereotype

Answer 40

concept about a group or category of people that includes the belief that all members of that group share certain characteristics - can be positive, negative or neutral

Question 41

stereotype threat

Answer 41

anxiety and resulting impaired performance that a person may experience when confronted with negative stereotype about a group in which he/she belongs to