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Schizophrenia > Relationships > Flashcards

Relationships Flashcards

1
Q

Summarise jerky of evolution ?

A

Process where animals adapted over millions of years

  • behaviour and physical characteristics said to be adaptive increase survival and increase reproduction passing on adaptive trait
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2
Q

Evolution is driven by competition for mates and development of characteristics that ensure better chance of reproductive success

What is anisogamy

A

Difference between sex cells

Sperm = small and mobile, men produce 40-600 mil sperm per ejac 
Ova = large static only 400 in life

No agitate for fertile men but there is for women = different mating strategies

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3
Q

What is inter sexual selection ?

A

Quality over quantity
- both chooses about their partners as both stands to loose a lot

Preferred strategy of females tho

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4
Q

Intro-sexual selection ?

A

Quantity of quality

  • short term mating street of males, mate as many females as possible = given rise to dimorphism (obvious differences between men and women e.g physical competition between males - size matters, females don’t have to compete so there is no evolutionary drive to liking bigger females
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5
Q

What are the short term mating strategies of men and women ?

A

Males sleep with more women= impregnate more women and more passed on genes

Women 1 high quality mate, sleeping around in short time period only = 1 baby

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6
Q

Long term mating strategies for men and women ?

A

Both v choose

Choose is good as the mate u choose has direct influence on the 50% of offsprings genes

  • low quality mate = low quality baby and genes won’t be passed on
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7
Q

Evaluate evolutionary explanations for partner preferences ? Support

A

Buss study evolutionary theory about mate selection
- across 33 countries and 37 cultures,
Pps competed 2 questionnaires factors affecting mate choice from irrelevant to indispensable and and found 36/37 cultures women value good looks and financial prospects and all men valued younger good looking women

Clarke and Hatfield
- confed walks up to stranger ask would u go to bed with me
= 75 % males agreed, 0 women did which supports gender differences in short term mating

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8
Q

Weaknesses of evolutionary relationships of patterned preferences ?

A

Weaknesses

Outdated because of contraception ?
- theories in gender differences in mating strategies may be outdated due to fact women no longer have so much to loose

Can only explain partner preferences in heterosexual couples, none of research done in heterosexual couples sondoesnt explain evolutionary attraction between gays

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9
Q

Evolutionary explanations of physical attractiveness?

A

Indicator of good health which is important for 2 reasons

  • partner able to provide for family
  • good chance need will carry to produce healthy offspring
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10
Q

Facial symmetry in physical attractiveness ?

A

Rhodes et al
Said attractiveness signals mate quality
- said symmetry = attraction and tested his by manipulating symmetry and sound symmetry = most attractive

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11
Q

Neotenous features in physical attraction ?

A

Widely separated eyes and small nose

- elicit Craig instinct

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12
Q

Masculine and feminine features in attractiveness?

A

Little et al
- found women preferred more masculine stimuli short term and men preferred feminine stimuli short term for face and voice but more masculine body short term

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13
Q

Halo effect in physical attractiveness ?

A

We have preconceived ideas about personality traits attractive people have

Dion et al said ‘ what is beautiful is good’
- attractive people consistently rates as kinder and more sociable compared to unattractive people this become self fulfilling

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14
Q

Matching hypothesis as part of physical attractiveness ?

A

Waisted et al

  • people choose romantic partners who are of similar attractiveness to each other
  • need to make realistic judgement on value to partner
  • have to balance need of attractive healthy partner against fear of rejection
  • difference between ideal partner and what we settle for
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15
Q

Evaluate physical attractiveness ?

A

Palmer and Peterson

  • physically attractive people rates as more knowledgeable and competent compared to unattractive
  • so strong it even worked wehninformed they have no expertise = bad for politics

Taylor
- studied activity logs of online dating die and found daters sought partners more attractive going against matching hypothesis

Feingold
- meta analysis of 17 studies and found string positive correlation between ratings of attractiveness in partners supporting matching hypothesis

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16
Q

Self disclosure define ?

A

Revealing personal info about yourself and gets deeper as relationships develop

Jourard said SD important for developing relationships

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17
Q

Social penetration theory as part of SD ?

A

Gradual process of revealing inner self to someone, involves reciprocal display of info to display trust in eachother, at each new disclosure a partner penetrates more deeply into eachother a lives = greater understanding

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18
Q

Breadth and depth of disclosure ?

A

SD has two elements and as they increase commitment increases

First we reveal low risk info then we peel off more layers that becomes more intimate

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19
Q

Reciprocity of SD?

A

Reid and Shaver peak bred out that

- SD has to be reciprocal

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20
Q

Evaluate SD?

A

Real life application

  • used in counselling to improvement communication in relationships
  • 57% gay men and women said SD was the way they deepened and maintained relationship

Issue of causation
- looks at corrections with levels of satisfaction could be level of satisfaction increases SD

Sprecher and Hendrick
- found strong relationship between levels of SD and satisfaction, men and women who used SD were more satisfied and committed to their romantic relationship

21
Q

Filter theory ?

A

Kerfkhoff and Davis

  • compared attitudes and personalities of student in short term and long term and found a filter theory of how relationships develop
  • we start with everyone Available to us then narrow down range of partner
22
Q

Social demography ? Level 1 of filter

A

Wide range of factors influence chance of partner meeting
- proximity religion and social class

= outcome of his = homogamy= more likely to for relationship with someone she mor to u

23
Q

Level 2 of filter in filter theory ?

A
  • predicts stability of relationships

- need to stress over basic values

24
Q

3rd level of Kerchoff and Davis filter theory ?

A

Complementarity

  • concern ability of romantic partners in meeting another’s needs e.g likes to butte and Ben nurtured
25
Q

Key study of filter theory ?

A

Kerchhoff and Davis creates filer their out of this

  • 94 dating couples at uni
  • each partner completed 2 questionnaires assessing degree to which they had shared values and attitudes with their partner to assess complementary
  • 7 months later couples compete questionnaire assessing how close they felt to partner compared to start of study (assessed progress towards permanence)

Found short term couple similarity of attitudes was most significant predictor of how close they felt

Long term complementartiy was most

26
Q

Evaluate filter theory ?

A

Support for first filter
- observers led friendships formed in apartment blocs

  • 10 x more likely to form partner with someone in own building
  • most popular lives next to stair cases and post boxes (functional distance)

Support for second filter

  • Byrne et al
  • found consistency similarity causes attraction

Lacks temporal validity
- rise of online dating sites removes some social demographic variables

Maybe similarity is caused by time together and doesn’t develop the relationship

27
Q

What is social exchange theory ?

A

Economic theory

  • takes view that social relationships are run in similar way to businesses as people negotiate to get best deal
  • relationship is judged on rewards minus costs
  • based in OC principle as we form and maintain relationships as are rewarding
28
Q

What is comparison level in social exchange theory ?

A

(1 of 2 ways to measure profit in current relationship)

  • amount of reward u believe u deserve, we develop standard which we compare all our relationships against based on last exp
  • also based on social norms
  • someone with poor quality past relationships is more likely to report satisfaction in shot relationships
29
Q

What is compassion level for alternative in social exchange theory ?

A

Another way it measure profit in current relationship

  • weigh up rewards from being with another partner minus costs of leaving current one
  • SET predicts we only stay in current relationship if more profitable that leaving
30
Q

Thibaut and kellys 4 stage model ?

A

Sampling - experiment rewards and costs

Bargaining- partners exchange rewards nd costs

Commitment

31
Q

Evaluate social exchange theory ?

A

Real world applications
- couples therapy
Christiansen showed how integrated behavioural couples therapy aid to increase positive exchange and decrease negatives = significant relationships improvements

Selfish theory
- assumes people are generally selfish about relationships and ignores factors such as people wanting fairness (equity)

Hatfield questioned newly weds about level of contentment in their marriage and found
Happiest we’re those who felt marriage was equal for both partners

32
Q

What is equity theory ?

A

Equity matters most, both partners profit same amount
Lack of equity means one under benefits and one over benefits = unhappiness
Under benefitted = anger

33
Q

Equity vs equality ?

A

Not size + amount do rewards and costs but ratio of 2 to eachother

Consequences in inequity
- hanged in perceived equity, may alter thoughts to believe relationship is normal, if my delay with relationship ends

34
Q

Who suggested three ways with dealing with inequity and what are they ?

A

Restore equality
-changing inputs + outputs to restore equity

Restore psychological equality
- change judgement of rewards and costs so feels fairer

Leaving - if can’t use above ways

35
Q

Schafer and Keith ?

A

Hundred of married couples analysed for equity and satisfaction level

= women under benefits in child rearing years
= high equity in honeymoon period= satisfaction high

36
Q

Evaluate equity theory ?

A

Brosnan and de wall
- studies capuchin monkeys
Females angry when denied rewards for playing game became more money when others were rewarded

Equity theory is assumed universal but economic theories only apply to western relationships

Doesn’t account for individual differences

  • not all are concerned about equity
  • some like inequity and other variations
37
Q

Rusbults investment model ?

A

Developed social exchange theory and called it This ^^

  • said commitment depends on three factors
    Satisfaction, alternatives. And investments
38
Q

Satisfactions and alternatives as part of rusbults investment model ?

A

Satisfying relationship is based on comparing rewards and costs and seeing if outcome is profitable

Alternatives is about comparing with alternative e.g different person better ?

39
Q

Why did rusbults think another factor was needed in SET?

A

Said Cl and Clalt not enough to explain commitment as many relationships would end as soon as became unprofitable so suggested investment helps peop stay
Found when people about to end relationship they consider how much they have invested

40
Q

Investment as part of rusbults investment model ?

A

2 types

  • intrinsic (resources we out in directly e.g money)
  • extrinsic (resources associated with friendship e.g mutual friends)
41
Q

What did rusbult say was he mean factor that keeps people in a relationship ?

A

Commitment e.g dissatisfied people stay in relationship because they are committed because they have invested a lot in a relationship

42
Q

Evaluate rusbults investment model ?

A

Can explain abusive relationships
- victims of domestic abuse stay in relationships because previous investment would be worthless if ended

Rus found supporting evidence from heterosexual and gay relarionships
- asked college students to
Complete questionnaire over 7 month period and kept note son how satisfying relationship was and how much they committed
- found main factors contributing to commitment of relationship were satisfaction and level of investment

Model based in correlational research so there are problems measuring variables, correlation doesn’t mean causation

43
Q

Why is this model better than previous models of relationships breakdown ? Ducks phase

A
  • most models depict breakdown = relentless tragedy = sequence of unavoidable steps
  • DP model suggests breakdown = fairly predictably stages
  • end of relationship = breakup story leaves them in good light ensure gaining future partner
44
Q

Why is it called a phase model ?

A

Shows dissolution of relationships = process not one time event
= each rage there is a pint where perception changes

45
Q

Go height phases of ducks break up model ?

A

Intra-psychic

  • focuses on cognitive processes going on in individual and feeling under benefited
  • don’t express to partner
46
Q

Dyadic phase ?

A

Focus on interpersonal processes between partners

  • reasons to stay and leave discussed
47
Q

Social phase?

A

Reakuo aired public ally to friends and fam making it harder I deny problem

  • friends pick sides
  • if not reconciled break up
48
Q

Evaluate DP model ?

A

Rollie and Duck say a 5 th ohasss is needed called the resurrection phase where they use exp from the relationship and turn attention to future ones
- can return to phases whenever

Theraputic applications

  • helps identify stages of breakdown and possibly reverse it
  • used in relationship counselling

Descriptive not explanatory

  • doesn’t explain how relationship started breakup
  • can’t study first stages

Schizophrenia (4 decks)

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