Relationships

Question 1

Evolutionary explanations of parented preferences-
Darwin (1871)-

Answer 1

Sexual selection- selection of those characteristics that aid successful reproduction rather than for survival.

Question 2

Evolutionary explanations of parented preferences-
Trivers (1972)-

Answer 2

Female reproduction requires greater investment, males have a grater opportunity to find another successful mate. So females need to be more careful when choosing a partner

Question 3

Evolutionary explanations of parented preferences-
Fisher (1930)-

Answer 3

‘Sexy sons hypothesis’- the females offspring will inherit the things they found sexy about their father

Question 4

Evolutionary explanations of parented preferences-
Clarke and Hatfield (1989)-

Answer 4

Students were asked to approach the opposite gender and ask if they ‘will go to bed either them tonight?’.
75% male students agreed, no female students agreed.

Question 5

Evolutionary explanations of parented preferences-
Buss and Schmidt (2016)-

Answer 5

Males and females adopt similar mating strategies when looking for long term relationships.

Question 6

Evolutionary explanations of parented preferences-
David Buss (1989)-

Answer 6

Surveyed 10,000 adults, across 33 countries, found females put more importance on characteristics that signal thief ability to provide resources. Males preferred women who were younger and more attractive.

Question 7

Evolutionary-
Buss and Schmitt?

Answer 7

Both sexes adopt similar strategies when looking for long term relationships, both choosy

Question 8

Evolutionary-
Bereczkei

Answer 8

Social changes limit consequences, due to things like birth control. So must not be the only explanation.

Question 9

Attraction- self disclosure-
Altman and taylor

Answer 9

Social penetration theory

Question 10

Attraction- self disclosure-
Reis and schaver?

Answer 10

Stated there needed to be a reciprocal element to self disclosure

Question 11

Attraction- PA-
Shackelford and Larsen

Answer 11

Suggested that genetic fitness was defined by symmetrical faces

Question 12

Attraction- PA-
Walster

Answer 12

At a dance, peoples attractiveness was rated (secretly), filled in questionaries, they were told this was a computer pairing, but it was in fact random.
This did not support the matching hypothesis as a 5 was happy with a 10. Showing they did not take their own attractiveness in to account.

Question 13

Attraction- PA-
Berscheid

Answer 13

Pps bought tickets to a dance, attractiveness was assessed by four judges, completed a questionnaire about important factors in a relationship, they then chose their partner from a line up.
PA was deemed as the most important factor, they chose someone who matched themselves in the judges ratings.

Question 14

Attraction- PA-
Dion

Answer 14

Physically attractive people were rated as more kind, strong, sociable, and successful compared to unattractive people.

Question 15

Attraction- FT-
Kerschoff and Davis

Answer 15

Created the filter theory

Question 16

Theories- SET-
Thibault and Kelley

Answer 16

Created the social exchange theory

Question 17

Theories- SET-
Duck (1994)

Answer 17

CL alt will adapt based on the state of our current relationship

Question 18

Theories- ET-
Walster (1978)

Answer 18

Profit in a relationship should be be similar

Question 19

Theories- ET-
Walster (1978)

Answer 19

Partners rewards and costs in a relationship should be about the same

Question 20

Theories- ET-
Utne (1984)

Answer 20

Survey on 118 recently married couples, ages 16-45, together for two or more years.
People who reported their relationship as more satisfied deemed their relationship as more equitable,

Question 21

Theories- ET-
Berg and McQuinn (1986)

Answer 21

Equity did not increase over time, which would be predicted by the theory. Equity did not change between a relationship that would’ve end and one that would succeed.

Question 22

Theories- ET-
Aumer-Ryan (2006)

Answer 22

Couples form individualistic cultures considered their relationship to be most satisfying when the relationship was equitable.
Couples from collectivist cultures more satisfied when they were over benefitting.

Question 23

Theories- ET-
Huseman (1987)

Answer 23

Some partners are ‘benevolent’- happy to put more into the relationship than they receive.
‘Entitleds’ this is when people believe they deserve more rewards than they give into tthe relationship

Question 24

Theories- RSM-
Rusbult (2001)

Answer 24

Created the Rusbults investment model

Question 25

Theories- RSM-
Le and Agnew (2003)

Answer 25

52 studies, 30 tears, 11,000 pps, 5 countries. Found consistent evidence that S, CWA, and I, were the main contributions to relationship commitment. Most committed relationships were the most stable and lasted the longest.

Question 26

Theories- RSM-
Rusbult and Martz (1995)

Answer 26

Conducted research with domestically abuse women from a shelter, fond they were more likely to return to an abusive relationship if they felt they had invested in the relationship and there were no appealing alternatives.

Question 27

Theories- RSM-
Goodfirned and Agnew (2008)

Answer 27

Suggested heavily focuses on investment being those that have already been put into the relationship. However, investments in terms of future plans are also important to consider.

Question 28

Theories- DPM-
Duck (2007)

Answer 28

Proposed the Ducks Phase Model, which talks about a threshold to 4 stages which lead to the break down of a relationship.

Question 29

Theories- DPM-
Moghaddam (1993)

Answer 29

Individualistic cultures get to choose of they want to end a relationship, whereas one relationships in collectivist cultures are involuntary.

Question 30

Theories- DPM-
Duck and Rollie (2006)

Answer 30

Added a fifth phase, the resurrection phase. Where ex-partners apply to future relationships the experiences gained from their recently ended relationship.

Question 31

VR-
Sproull and kiesler (1986)

Answer 31

Created the reduces cues theory

Question 32

VR-
Walther (2011)

Answer 32

VR can be more personal than face to face ones, self-disclosure tends to occur earlier in VR.

Question 33

VR-
Bargh (2012)

Answer 33

VR has the ‘stranger on the train’ phenomenon, more likely to share personal information with a stranger because we are less likely to see them again, and feel less accountable for the behaviour.

Question 34

VR-
McKenna and Bargh (1999)

Answer 34

Gates are obstacles within a relationship which may stop it forming. Things such as attractiveness, mannerisms, and social demographics (such as age)

Question 35

VR-
Tidwell (1995)

Answer 35

Pointed out people often think carefully about how fast they reply during virtual interactions. Quick replies show ‘keenness’, and slow their response aim to keep the receiver ‘on their toes’. The sea are non verbal cues.

Question 36

VR-
Ruppel (2017)

Answer 36

Carried out a meta analysis, 25 studies, which compared self disclosure in Ff and VR, showed that FF relationships had high breadth and depth in self-disclosure. Experimental studies showed that there was no difference in FF and VR in self-disclosure.

Question 37

VR-
Whitby and Johnson (2009)

Answer 37

Summaries evidence showing that self-presentation is manipulated in VR. Questions asked in online discussions tend to be very direct, probing and intimate (hyperhonest). Different from FF conversations which often require small talk.

Question 38

VR-
McKenna and Bargh (2000)

Answer 38

Looked at online communication by shy, lonely and socially anxious people. Found they were able to express their true selves, more than in FF situations. 71% survived at leat two years, if started online. 49% if formed face to face.

Question 39

PR-
McCutcheon (2002)

Answer 39

Identified the three levels of parasocial relationships, he linked this to suggest why people enter these relationships. They suggested it was a lack of fulfilment in their own life.

Question 40

PR-
McCutcheon (2016)

Answer 40

Used the CAS to measure the levels of parasocial relationships, they assessed the problems in their intimate life, the people who scored in their last two stages experienced a high degree of anxiety in their intimate relationships.

Question 41

PR-
Maltby (2005)

Answer 41

Assessed boys and girls aged 14-16, were interested in girls who had intense parasocial relationships with adult female relationships whose body shape was admired. They found these girls also had poor body image. This may contribute to the development of an eating disorder,

Question 42

PR-
Dinkha (2015)

Answer 42

Compared tow contrasting cultures, collectivist and individualistic. Found people with insecure attachment were more likely to form parasocial relationships, across both cultures.

Question 43

PR-
McCutchheon (2006)

Answer 43

Measured attachment types and celebrity related attitudes in 299 American pps. Found, attachment security did not affect the likelihood of forming a parasocial relationship.