Forensics

Question 1

Offender profiling-
Canter (2004)?

Answer 1

Tested organised.disorganised theory, used 100 US murders, using smallest space analysis. Identified as correlations across different samples of behaviour. Assessed the concordance of 39 aspects of serial killers.
E.g. (torture/restraint) (weapon) (cause of death)

Question 2

OP- TDA-
Maketa (2017)

Answer 2

Can be applied to burglary, 85% rise in solved cases in 3 US states. Has O and DO but adds interpersonal (= offenders ususlaly know their victims and steal something of significance), and opportunistic (= generally inexperienced young offendo).

Question 3

OP- TDA-
Godwiin (2002)

Answer 3

Suggested it is difficult to classify killers as one of the other type, killers may have multiple contrasting characteristics.

Question 4

OP- TDA-
Douglas (1992)

Answer 4

Added a third category, known as a ‘mixed’ offender, shows characteristics of both types of offender.

Question 5

OP- BUA-
Dwyer (2001)

Answer 5

Crime scene may reflect their behaviour in everyday situations. Some rapists want.o humiliate victims and others seem more apologetic.

Question 6

OP- BUA-
Canters and Larkin (1993)

Answer 6

Canters circle theory, pattern of offending forma a circle around the offenders Homebase

Question 7

OP- BUA-
Canter and heritage (1990)

Answer 7

Analysed 66 sexual assault cases, using smallest space analysis. Some behaviours were identified as common in different samples of behaviour, such as the use if interpersonal language and lack of reaction to the victim.

Question 8

OP- BUA-
Canter and Heritage (1990)

Answer 8

Analysed 66 SA cases, using smallest space analysis. Identified common behaviour such as the use of interpersonal language and lack of reaction to the victim.

Question 9

OP- BUA-
Lundrigan and Canter (2001)

Answer 9

Collected information from 120 murder cases, usd smallest space analysis. This revealed consistency in their behaviour. Location of each body disposal created a centre of gravity, would go indifferent directions each time they dispose.

Question 10

OP- BUA-
Ainsworth (2001)

Answer 10

Other factors just as important as creating a profile, such as the timing of the offence, the age, and the experience of the offender

Question 11

OP- BUA-
Cousin (1995)

Answer 11

Surveyed 48 police departments and found thar the advice provided by the profiler was judged to be useful in 83% of cases. Only 3% of cases led to accurate identification of the offendors

Question 12

BE- L-
Lombroso

Answer 12

Created the atavistic form.
Examined the skulls of 383 dead convicts, and 3839 living ones, concluded 40% of criminal acts are committed by people with atavistic characteristics.

Question 13

BE- L-
DeLisi (2012)

Answer 13

Questions lombrosos legacy, (the racist undertones of his work)

Question 14

BE- L-
Goeing 1913

Answer 14

3000 offenders and 3000 non-offenders, no evidence that offenders are a distinct group with unusual facial and cranial characteristics, however, suggested they did have lower than average intelligence.

Question 15

BE- G-
Christianseen (1977)

Answer 15

3500 twin studies in Denmark, found 35% concordance rate in male Mz twins, and 13% for Dz twins,

Question 16

BE- G-
Crowe (1972)

Answer 16

Adopted children whose Bm had a criminal record, had a 50% risk of having a criminal record (by 18), adopted children whose Bm did not have a criminal record only had a 5% risk.

Question 17

BE- G-
Tiihonen (2015)

Answer 17

Analysed the genetics of 800 Finnish offenders, MAOA and CSH13, associated with violent crime.
MAOA= regulates serotonin, (linked to substance abuse and ADHD).
CDH13= linked to aggressive behaviour, and substance abuse and ADHD.
5-10% of all severe violent crimes can be attributed to these genes.

Question 18

BE- N-
Raine (2000)

Answer 18

Found 11% reduction in the volume of grey matter in the prefrontal cortex of people with APD.

Question 19

BE- N-
Keysers (2011)

Answer 19

Only when an offender when they were sled to emphasise, did their empathy reaction activate. Suggests people with APD were not totally without empathy nut may have a neural switch that can be turned on or off.

Question 20

BE- N-
Mednick (1984)

Answer 20

When B and A parents both didn’t have criminal records= 13.5% chance of criminality.
When B had a criminal record and A did not= 20%.
When B and A both had criminal records= 24.5%

Question 21

BE- N-
Freeed (1989)

Answer 21

Evidence of frontal lobe damage including the prefrontal cortex and antisocial behaviour. People with this damage showed impulsive behaviour, emotional instability to learn form their mistakes.

Question 22

BE- N-
Farmington (1989)

Answer 22

Studied a group of men who score high on psychopathy, had various risk factors within their childhood, such as being raised by convicted parents, or being physically neglected.

Question 23

PE- ET-
Eyesenk theory

Answer 23

The criminal personality

Question 24

PE- ET-
Eyesenk and Eyesenk (1977)

Answer 24

2070 prisoners 2422 controls. Prisoners had higher average scores on the EPQ.

Question 25

PE- ET-
Moffit (1993)

Answer 25

Drew a distinction between offending behaviour in adolescence and offending in adulthood. Personality traits are a poor predictor of how long offending behaviour will go on for.

Question 26

PE- ET-
Bartol and Holanchock (1979)

Answer 26

Studied Hispanic and African American offenders, in maximum security, split into six groups, found less extrovert than a noun-offender control group.

Question 27

PE- C-
Kohlberg

Answer 27

Moral reasoning

Question 28

PE- C-
Kohlberg (1968)

Answer 28

Applied moral reasoning to offending behaviour, decisions and judgement on right and wrong can be summarised by the stages of moral reasoning.
The higher the stage, the more sophisticated the reasoning. Was based on responses to moral dilemmas,

Question 29

PE- C-
Chandler (1973)

Answer 29

Supported by studied which suggests offenders are mare egocentric and self-centred, poorer social perspective talking skills compared to non offenders

Question 30

PE- C-
Schonberg and Justyke (2014)

Answer 30

55 violent offenders with images of emotional ambiguous face expressions, compared to non-aggressive matched control group.
Violent offenders= more likely to view expressions as hostile.

Question 31

PE- C-
Dodge and Dionne (1982)

Answer 31

Showed children videos of ambiguous provocation.
Aggressive children thought it was more hostile.

Question 32

PE- C-
Barbara (1991)

Answer 32

26 incarcerated rapists, 54% they had not committed an offence, 40% more minimised i harm caused to the victim.

Question 33

PE- C-
Palmer and Holin (1998)

Answer 33

332 non-offenders, 126 convicted offenders.
Used social-moral reflection measure contains 11 moral dilemma related questions.

Question 34

PE- C-
Thornton and Reid (1982)

Answer 34

People who commit crimes for fictional gain more likely to have pre-conventional moral reasoning.

Question 35

PE- C-
Horkins (2010)

Answer 35

Reduced denial and minimisation in therapy is associated with a reduced risk of re-offending.

Question 36

PE- C-
Howitt and sheldon (2007)

Answer 36

Questionnaire. Non-contact offenders (images on the internet) used more cognitive distortions than contact sexual offenders (physically abused children).