Relations with indigenous Peoples

Question 1

What evidence is there to suggest that Britain began to reform some aspects of Imperial Policy to bring greater benefits for indigenous people?

Answer 1

e.g Morley- Minto reforms in India
and economic development in Egypt

Question 2

When was the INC founded?

Answer 2

1885

Question 3

State some challenges in India in this period

Answer 3

-Overall increased resistance and challenge from the educated professional classes
-Growth in nationalist sentiment but…..
Kesari newspaper
Kaal newspaper
indication of growing resentment and beginning of challenges

-The Young India founded in 1903 by Savarkar Brothers
=revolutionary political activism
and assassinations of British officials including a district magistrate Arthur jackson

-Partition of Bengal in 1905 provoked widespread protest across India which shifted Moderates like Gokhale to take direct action and challenge the Raj rather than co-operate
Bal Tilak launched a highly effective six year campaign (Swadeshi movement) of protests and boycotting goods was eventually successful in 1911 with the reunition of Bengal

Question 4

What challenges were there in China?

Answer 4

Boxer Rebellion October 1899- Sep 1901
=Anti- colonial uprising in the North East China (approx 300,000 fighters)
attacked foreign owned property and foreign controlled areas such as Beijing
=British led multi-national force of 20,000 to restore order
Impact: Britain maintaining its informal influence through trading interests and further tightening control of Hong Kong

Question 5

State the challenges in East Africa

Answer 5

Zanzibar

1896 Pro British Sultan Hamoud dies,
Khalid bin Barghash assumes power with 3,000 supporters
Royal Navy bombardment = swift defeat

Somaliland
Sayid Hassan assembled a somali religious warrior movement, known to the British as as the “Mad Mullah” who saw it as their duty to to resist British authority
-Built force of 20,000 declaring it was his duty to drive all Christians into the sea and raided British positions. Britain responded with joint military action the Ethiopians, however British defeated at battle of Dul Madoba in August 1913 and this movement was not fully supressed until after WW1

Question 6

State the challenges in West Africa

Answer 6

Sierra Loene
1898 Governor of Sierra Loene imposed “hut tax”
Some chiefs refused and resisted so British used “Scorched Earth approach” = opposing chiefs surrendered after hundreds of deaths and Governor hung 96 warriors in reprisals

Question 7

State some challenges in North-East Africa

Answer 7

Sudan
-Conquest of Sudan by Lord Kitchener in 1898 in final victory at Battle of Omdurman was described by the Daily mail as the “downfall of the worst tyranny in the world”

The Mahdist regime had failed to manage the Sudanese economy
with a 50% reduction in population from war, famine, disease and prosecution
Britain attempted to introduce some reform and develop Sudan by introducing a modern government and significant economic investment such as irrigation schemes including the Gezira scheme which was to produce high quality cotton for British mills, development of railway and the created of Port Sudan in 1906

Question 8

After the British occupation of Sudan in 1898 what other resistance occurred?

Answer 8

Resistance in the South
with Mahdist revolts again in 1900,1902-1903, 1904 and 1908 but after the 1908 revolt numberous pulic hanging of “rebels” occurred to set an example