Relations with indigenous people 1947-1967 Flashcards
How did WW2 result in challenges to colonial rule in Africa + Asia
Rapid Japanese victories + conquests of Malaya + Burma destroyed colonial notions of British invincibility - left strong conviction amongst indigenous people that British power was vulnerable
How did post war effect Africa in terms of challenges to colonial rule
In Africa rapid economic development was generated during war years by need to provide raw materials/food to support British war effort
Major cities grew rapidly + became places of anti British agitation/conflict
How did African forces drive momentum for nationalism
Return to the colonies of men who had served in Imperial + Commonwealth forces during war + feeling that their sacrifices should be rewarded
Close contact with ordinary British soldiers punctured myth of white supremacy
How did the legacy of war lead to growth in nationalist movements
Much of empire had been affected by WW2 - Middle East destruction, Singapore + Malaya occupied by Japan + empire contributed millions to war effect - B reluctance to decol brought impatience
How did economic + social discontent lead to growth in nationalist movements
Despite rapid growth posy war, locals hadn’t been sufficiently trained in skilled work to benefit from jobs
competition for lands between foreign interests + farmers + when British projects failed locals suffered
In the Gold Coast + Kenya what was the product of improving education
Surplus of educate youths unwilling to take manual employments - product of efforts to improve educational opportunities for indigenous people
How did ethnic rivalries lead to growing nationalism
Tensions between different ethnic groups within colonies (previously encouraged by colonial rule) fuelled nationalist movements - some groups felt discriminated against when British favoured other groups
How did the British acceptance of Malayan nationality cause tensions
British acceptance of ‘Malay nationality’ be restricted to those of Malay ethnicity 1949 encouraged discontented Chinese to support nationalist attacks on Europeans
How did the British acceptance of Malayan nationality cause tensions
British acceptance of ‘Malay nationality’ be restricted to those of Malay ethnicity 1949 encouraged discontented Chinese to support nationalist attacks on Europeans
How did the British acceptance of Malayan nationality cause tensions
British acceptance of ‘Malay nationality’ be restricted to those of Malay ethnicity 1949 encouraged discontented Chinese to support nationalist attacks on Europeans
How did the British acceptance of Malayan nationality cause tensions
British acceptance of ‘Malay nationality’ be restricted to those of Malay ethnicity 1949 encouraged discontented Chinese to support nationalist attacks on Europeans
What is an example of the British favouring ethnic groups
Political mobilisation of the Asante in Gold Coast + Yoruba + N Muslims in Nigeria was in response to suspicion that other ethnic groups were being favoured
What is an example of the British favouring ethnic groups causing nationalism
Political mobilisation of the Asante in Gold Coast + Yoruba + N Muslims in Nigeria was in response to suspicion that other ethnic groups were being favoured
How did the growth of Western educated leaders lead to nationalism in Africa
Key figures able to unite different ethnic groups behind drive for independence
Nkrumah Gold Coast, Aug San Burma - educated in Western schools, articulated their anti-colonial thinking challenged imperial rule
How did mass political parties lead to emergence in nationalism
Nationalist movements relied on strength in numbers + organised following - leaders put British in publicly difficult moral positions + were obliged to respect political parties
Explain how the creation of parties enabled nationalism
Creation of parties enabled growth of ideas/opportunity to compete for power once democratic elections were established
CPP Gold Coast, AFPEL Burma, MCA Malaya, UMNO SA, ANC Rhodesia
Used mass mobilisation to achieved aims
Why did the Mau Mau break out in insurgency
Kikuyu people suffered from shortage of land/poor conditions/unemployment due to white settlers
Why did Mau Mau insurrection challenge British colonial rule
1952 major insurrection shook British colonial rule - showed vulnerability of regime dominated by white settlers who gave no concessions to black Kenyan’s post war
What did colonial administrator Governor Mitchell announce in Kenya
1948 Sir Phillip Mitchell announced that self-govt would not be possible in near future - fuelled black Kenyan’s anger
How did Mau Mau insurrection escalate 1952
1952 escalation of violence - murders of white farmers - Chief of Kikuyu spoke out against violence but assassinated October
Reports that MM were taking ritualistic oaths committing themselves to insurgency fuelled panic amongst settlers who demanded brutal reprisals by British force
Why did insurgency post major challenge to British
Guerrilla tactics impactful, settlers panicked by violence
British governor Baring resorted to declaring State of Emergency 1952
What did the State of Emergency in Kenya do
1952 Baring declared State of Emergency - suspended all Black African rights + Mau Mau treated as political terrorists
Black leaders Kenyatta imprisoned + thousands of British troops sent out
What was the British response to Kenyan Emergency
British imposed repressive measures - using troops aided by planes/helicopters (MM stood little chance but managed to hold out for 5 years)
Kikuyu villages uprooted + relocated destroyed through military forces
What were the Rehabilitation camps in Kenya
British hanged suspects + interned thousands into rehabilitation camps where they were interrogated/tortured to identify MM sympathisers
1952-56 11-12000 killed = 81000 detained
