relational influences Flashcards
(42 cards)
conflict
perception that two parties (individuals or groups) believe that have incompatible goals, ideas of behaviours
mirror image perceptions
each party forms reciprocal and distorted perceptions of other that are remarkably alike
- the conflict leads to mirror image perceptions which leads to increased hostility
- incompetents untrustworthy and immoral of opposing party versus competent, confident, kind of own party
imposed solutions
dictated solution sometimes one part is stronger and will impose a solution or a third party will impose a solution
- usually leads to one person winning and other person being dissatisfied
- underlying conflict often stays unresolved, grudges held
distributive solution
involves compromise of mutual concessions, lose/lose scenario, neither party gets exactly what they want
integrative solutions
both sides benefit from decision reached, win/win, more difficult to find solution because people find it difficult to communicate when there is conflict, involves understanding both parties motives, values and goals
Counselling
Conflict resolution technique, used in family conflicts, counsellors try to help client solve their own problems rather than provide solutions by teaching them skills to help them deal with conflict e.g how to communicate
negotiation
parties have shared interests but a lot some oppposed interests, often need to come together to talk to eachother and reach and agreement
- successful results in integrative solution
- unsuccessful can result in distributive solution
- can break down at times die to parties failing understand each other’s positions/goals
Thompson & Hastie (1990)
used car salesman study, role play participants role of buyer or seller of a car,, found more negotiators entered negotiation expecting other parties interest to be completely opposed to their own however sooner parties realised their potential a solution was reached many negotiators failed to realise common goals/interest so ended up settling for deals that were less than ideal
mediation
mediators help parties reach a voluntary solution (either distributive or integrative)
arbitration
third party has right to hand down decision after listening to both parties present their arguments
socialisation
acquisitions of beliefs, values and behaviours that are thought to be important and appropriate to function as a member of society
agents of socialisation (factors affecting)
family, school, mass media, religious institutions, clubs
attachment
a deep and enduring emotional bond that connects one person to another (caregiver and child) across time and space
attachment in monkeys - Harlow 1959
- conducted experiments to measure development of attachment of rhesus monkeys to their mothers
- believed emotional bonds were important to healthy development
- original study investigated: role of nursing in attachment of 8 infant rhesus monkeys that had been separated from their mothers at birth
attachment in monkeys - Harlow (1959) method
baby monkeys were removed from mothers at birth and placed in a cage with two surrogate mothers (substitute for real mother, similar size but made of wire mesh) one mother was covered in warm cloth and foam and one was left bare (cold), bottle of milk was attached to one of mothers (4 infants had bottle on cloth, 4 infants had bottle on wire)
attachment in monkeys - prediction
if infants attachment to mother was based in feeding, infant monkeys should prefer/become attached to mother that had feeding bottle
attachment in monkeys - findings
regardless of which mother had feeding bottle infants spent more time with cloth mother (18hrs) than with wire mother (less than an hour). The two groups of monkeys drank similar amounts of milk, weights increased same rates
attachment in monkeys - stressful situation
mechanical spider or teddy bear beating drum was placed in cage and monkeys cling to cloth mother for comfort
attachment in monkeys - conclusions
contact comfort (provided by cloth surrogate) was more important in formation of mother infant bond (not food)
monotropy
child has innate need to attach to one main attachment figure (mother/primary caregiver), primary bond thought to be much more important than any other, failure to initiate/breakdown of maternal attachment would lead to serious negative consequences
critical period
child should receive continuous care for approx first 12 months, if attachment is disrupted or broken during this period child will suffer irreversible long term consequences
- maternal deprivation: separation or loss of mother as well as failure to develop an attachment
long term consequences
continued disruption of attachment between infant and caregiver could result in long term cognitive, social and emotional difficulties for child
- delinquency - depression
- reduced IQ - affectionless psychopathy
- increased depression
internal working model
cognitive framework comprising mental representations for understanding world, self and others
- primary caregiver acts as a prototype for future relationships through the internal working model,
- guides future social interactions, emotional behaviour and general responses to others
internal working model components
- model of others as being trustworthy
- model of self as valuable
- model of self as effective when interacting with others
