related disorder

Question 1

• The defect involves the kidney.
• The most common cause is acute tubular necrosis; Other causes include vascular obstructions/inflammations and glomerulonephritis.

Answer 1

primary renal failure

Question 2

• occur to a certain extent in the progression of all renal diseases as the GFR falls.
• Distal RTA, in which the renal tubules are unable to keep up the vital pH gradient between the blood and tubular fluid
• Proximal RTA, in which there is decreased bicarbonate reabsorption, resulting in hyperchloremic acidosis.
• Acute inflammation of the tubules and surrounding interstitium also may occur as a result of analgesic drug or radiation toxicity, methicillin hypersensitivity reactions, renal transplant rejection, and viral-fungal bacterial infections

Answer 2

tubular disease

Question 3

• The defect lies in the blood supply before it reaches the kidney.
• Causes can include cardiovascular system failure and consequent hypovolemia.

Answer 3

pre-renal failure

Question 4

Result of an acute toxic or hypoxic insult to the kidneys, defined as occurring when the GFR is reduced to less than 10 mL/minute.

Answer 4

renal failure

Question 5

• A sudden sharp decline in renal function as a result of an acute toxic or hypoxic insult to the kidneys, defined as occurring when the GFR is reduced to less than 10 mL/minute.
• The most commonly observed symptoms are oliguria and anuria (400 mL/day).
• The diminished ability to excrete electrolytes and water results in a significant increase in extracellular fluid volume, leading to peripheral edema, hypertension, and congestive heart failure

Answer 5

acute kidney injury

Question 6

Decreased GFR, anemia, elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine, oliguria, sodium and water retention (with consequent hypertension and some localized edema).

Answer 6

glomerulonephritis

Question 7

• The site of infection: KIDNEYS (PYELONEPHRITIS) or in the URINARY BLADDER (CYSTITIS).
• > > 105 colonies/mL is considered diagnostic for infection.
• Bacteriuria (as evidenced by positive nitrite dipstick findings for some organisms), hematuria, and pyuria (leukocytes in the urine, as shown by positive leukocyte esterase dipstick) are all frequently encountered abnormal laboratory results in these cases.
• In particular, WBC (leukocyte) casts in the urine is considered diagnostic forPYELONEPHRITIS

Answer 7

UTI

Question 8

• A clinical syndrome that occurs when there is a gradual decline in renal function overtime.
• Early detection and treatment are needed to prevent progression to ESRD and complications such as coronary vascular disease.
• GFR and evidence of kidney damage based on measurement of proteinuria or other markers form the basis of the classifications

Answer 8

chronic kidney disease

Question 9

renal obstruction

• Blockages in the (?) are characterized by a constricting lesion below a dilated collecting duct.
• Obstructions of the (?) are evidenced by the residual urine in the bladder after cessation of micturition (urination); symptoms include slowness of voiding, both initially and throughout urination.

Answer 9

• upper tract
• lower tract

Question 10

• Lengthy glomerular inflammation may lead to glomerular scarring and the eventual loss of functioning nephrons.
• This process often goes undetected for lengthy periods because only minor decreases in renal function occur at first and only slight proteinuria and hematuria are observed.
• Gradual development of UREMIA (or AZOTEMIA, excess nitrogen compounds in the blood) may be the first sign of this process

Answer 10

chronic glomerulonephritis

Question 11

• Shows large, inflamed and large glomeruli with a decreased capillary lumen.
• Hematuria and proteinuria (3 g/day of Albumin).
• The rapid development of a decreased GFR, anemia, elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine, oliguria, sodium and water retention (with consequent HPN and edema).
• Numerous hyaline and granular casts are generally seen on UA.
• RBC casts are regarded as highly suggestive of this syndrome.
• often related to recent infection by group A -hemolytic streptococci.
• Other possible causes include drug-related exposures, acute kidney infections due to other bacterial (and, possibly, viral) agents, and other systemic immune complex diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and bacterial endocarditis.

Answer 11

acute glomerulonephritis

Question 12

• Can be caused by several different diseases that result in injury and increased permeability of the glomerular basement membrane.
• Massive proteinuria (3.5 g/day) and resultant hypoalbuminemia.
• The subsequent decreased plasma oncotic pressure causes a generalized edema as a result of the movement of body fluids out of vascular and into interstitial spaces.
• Other hallmarks: HYPERLIPIDEMIA and LIPIDURIA (the form of OVAL FAT BODIES in the urine).
• These bodies are degenerated renal tubular cells containing reabsorbed lipoproteins.
• Primary causes are associated directly with glomerular disease states.

Answer 12

nephrotic syndrome

Question 13

• The defect lies in the urinary tract after it exits the kidney.
• Generally, acute renal failure occurs as a consequence of lower urinary tract obstruction or rupture of the urinary bladder.

Answer 13

post-renal failure