anatomy

Question 1

• Located in the cortex
• The function is to effect small adjustments to achieve electrolyte and acid-base homeostasis

Answer 1

DCT

Question 2

• Formed by two or more DCT as they pass back down through the cortex and the medulla to collect the urine that drains from each nephron.
• eventually merge and empty their contents into the renal pelvis

Answer 2

CT

Question 3

(?) mL of blood that the kidneys receive each minute

Answer 3

1200-1500

Question 4

The regulation of (?) is controlled by the same forces that regulate sodium

Answer 4

chloride

Question 5

• a major intracellular cation, is important as an enzymatic cofactor.
• The ionized fraction is easily filtered by the glomerulus and reabsorbed in the tubules under the influence of PTH.

Answer 5

magnesium

Question 6

• Small (?) are readily reabsorbed and may need to be excreted
• Excess hydrogen ions not needed to return filtered bicarbonate are excreted as (?)

Answer 6

• hydrogen ions
• H2PO4

Question 7

• Located in the cortex
• Return the bulk of each valuable substance back to the blood circulation.
• Secrete products of kidney tubular cell metabolism, such as hydrogen ions, and drugs, such as penicillin.

Answer 7

PCT

Question 8

• synthesize renin, erythropoietin, 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D3, and the prostaglandins.
• It is both a primary endocrine site, as the producer of its own hormones, and a secondary site, as the target locus for hormones manufactured by other endocrine organs

Answer 8

kidney

Question 9

• a peptide hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary, mainly in response to increased blood osmolality;
• also released when blood volume decreases by more than 5%–10%.

Answer 9

ADH

Question 10

• produced by the adrenal cortex under the influence of the renin–angiotensin mechanism.
• Its secretion is triggered by decreased blood flow or blood pressure in the afferent renal arteriole and by decreased plasma sodium

Answer 10

aldosterone

Question 11

a basin-like cavity at the upper end of the ureter into which newly formed urine passes

Answer 11

pelvis

Question 12

• occurs in higher concentrations in the intracellular than in the extracellular fluid environments;
• homeostatic balance is chiefly determined by proximal tubular reabsorption under the control of parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Answer 12

phosphate

Question 13

(?) encloses each kidney

Answer 13

fibrous capsule

Question 14

are thick-walled canals, connecting the kidneys to the urinary bladder

Answer 14

ureters

Question 15

Both the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting ducts can reabsorb and excrete (?), and this excretion is controlled by (?)

Answer 15

• potassium
• aldosterone

Question 17

• are waste products formed in the body as a result of the degradative metabolism of nucleic acids, amino acids, and proteins.
• Excretion of these compounds is an important function of the kidneys.
• The three principal compounds are urea, creatinine, and uric acid

Answer 17

NPN

Question 18

• A capillary tuft surrounded by the expanded end of a renal tubule known as Bowman’s capsule.
• Supplied by an afferent arteriole carrying the blood in and an efferent arteriole carrying the blood out.
• The efferent arteriole branches into peritubular capillaries that supply the tubule

Answer 18

glomerulus

Question 19

• Secretion of (?) prevents excretion of HCO3
• Filtered bicarbonate is returned to the (?)
• 100% reabsorption of filtered bicarbonate at the (?)

Answer 19

• H+
• plasma
• PCT

Question 20

normal blood osmolality

Answer 20

275-295 mOsm/kg

Question 21

• the primary extracellular cation in the human body and is excreted principally through the kidneys.
• balance in the body is controlled only through excretion

Answer 21

sodium

Question 22

• Composed of the thin descending limb, which spans the medulla, and the ascending limb.
• Countercurrent Multiplier System.
• Located in the medulla and the cortex.
• Composed of a region that is thin & thick.

Answer 22

LH

Question 23

• Ammonia (NH3) is produced and secreted by the (?)
• H+ combines to form (?) that cannot be reabsorbed
• Additional ammonia is produced from the metabolism of glutamine in the (?)

Answer 23

• DCT
• NH4+
• PCT

Question 24

Water Balance:
* Regulated by the hormone (?).

• (?) responds primarily to changes in osmolality and intravascular volume.
• Increased plasma osmolality or decreased intravascular volume stimulates secretion of (?) from the posterior pituitary

Answer 24

ADH

Question 25

• the main intracellular cation in the body.
• The precise regulation of its concentration is of extreme importance to cellular metabolism and is controlled chiefly by renal means

Answer 25

potassium

Question 26

• renal threshold
• A process when substances move from the tubular lumen to the peritubular capillary plasma.
• With the exception of water and chloride ions, the process is active; that is, the tubular epithelial cells use energy to bind and transport the substances across the plasma membrane to the blood

Answer 26

tubular reabsorption

Question 27

• describes the movement of substances from peritubular capillary plasma to the tubular lumen.
• describes when tubule cells secrete products of their own cellular metabolism into the filtrate in the tubular lumen.
• Transport across the membrane of the cell is again either active or passive

Answer 27

tubular secretion

Question 28

The PTH- and calcitonin-controlled regulation of (?) absorption from the gut and bone stores is more important than renal secretion or reabsorption

Answer 28

calcium

Question 29

Urine is temporarily stored in the (?) until voided by way of (?)

Answer 29

• bladder
• urethra

Question 30

• The glomerulus filters out (?) mL of an essentially protein free, cell-free fluid, called glomerular filtrate.
• The volume of blood filtered per minute is the (?)

Answer 30

• 125-130
• glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

Question 31

Large decreases of (?) will stimulate ADH secretion even when plasma osmolality is decreased. ADH stimulates (?)

Answer 31

• blood volume
• water reabsorption

Question 32

Aldosterone stimulates (?) in the distal tubules and (?) and (?) secretion

Answer 32

• sodium reabsorption
• potassium
• hydrogen ion