anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
- Located in the cortex
- The function is to effect small adjustments to achieve electrolyte and acid-base homeostasis
A
DCT
2
Q
- Formed by two or more DCT as they pass back down through the cortex and the medulla to collect the urine that drains from each nephron.
- eventually merge and empty their contents into the renal pelvis
A
CT
3
Q
(?) mL of blood that the kidneys receive each minute
A
1200-1500
4
Q
The regulation of (?) is controlled by the same forces that regulate sodium
A
chloride
5
Q
- a major intracellular cation, is important as an enzymatic cofactor.
- The ionized fraction is easily filtered by the glomerulus and reabsorbed in the tubules under the influence of PTH.
A
magnesium
6
Q
- Small (?) are readily reabsorbed and may need to be excreted
- Excess hydrogen ions not needed to return filtered bicarbonate are excreted as (?)
A
- hydrogen ions
- H2PO4
7
Q
- Located in the cortex
- Return the bulk of each valuable substance back to the blood circulation.
- Secrete products of kidney tubular cell metabolism, such as hydrogen ions, and drugs, such as penicillin.
A
PCT
8
Q
- synthesize renin, erythropoietin, 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D3, and the prostaglandins.
- It is both a primary endocrine site, as the producer of its own hormones, and a secondary site, as the target locus for hormones manufactured by other endocrine organs
A
kidney
9
Q
- a peptide hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary, mainly in response to increased blood osmolality;
- also released when blood volume decreases by more than 5%–10%.
A
ADH
10
Q
- produced by the adrenal cortex under the influence of the renin–angiotensin mechanism.
- Its secretion is triggered by decreased blood flow or blood pressure in the afferent renal arteriole and by decreased plasma sodium
A
aldosterone
11
Q
a basin-like cavity at the upper end of the ureter into which newly formed urine passes
A
pelvis
12
Q
- occurs in higher concentrations in the intracellular than in the extracellular fluid environments;
- homeostatic balance is chiefly determined by proximal tubular reabsorption under the control of parathyroid hormone (PTH)
A
phosphate
13
Q
(?) encloses each kidney
A
fibrous capsule
14
Q
are thick-walled canals, connecting the kidneys to the urinary bladder
A
ureters
15
Q
Both the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting ducts can reabsorb and excrete (?), and this excretion is controlled by (?)
A
- potassium
- aldosterone
16
Q
A
17
Q
- are waste products formed in the body as a result of the degradative metabolism of nucleic acids, amino acids, and proteins.
- Excretion of these compounds is an important function of the kidneys.
- The three principal compounds are urea, creatinine, and uric acid
A
NPN
18
Q
- A capillary tuft surrounded by the expanded end of a renal tubule known as Bowman’s capsule.
- Supplied by an afferent arteriole carrying the blood in and an efferent arteriole carrying the blood out.
- The efferent arteriole branches into peritubular capillaries that supply the tubule
A
glomerulus
19
Q
- Secretion of (?) prevents excretion of HCO3
- Filtered bicarbonate is returned to the (?)
- 100% reabsorption of filtered bicarbonate at the (?)
A
- H+
- plasma
- PCT
20
Q
normal blood osmolality
A
275-295 mOsm/kg
21
Q
- the primary extracellular cation in the human body and is excreted principally through the kidneys.
- balance in the body is controlled only through excretion
A
sodium
22
Q
- Composed of the thin descending limb, which spans the medulla, and the ascending limb.
- Countercurrent Multiplier System.
- Located in the medulla and the cortex.
- Composed of a region that is thin & thick.
A
LH
23
Q
- Ammonia (NH3) is produced and secreted by the (?)
- H+ combines to form (?) that cannot be reabsorbed
- Additional ammonia is produced from the metabolism of glutamine in the (?)
A
- DCT
- NH4+
- PCT
24
Q
Water Balance:
* Regulated by the hormone (?).
- (?) responds primarily to changes in osmolality and intravascular volume.
- Increased plasma osmolality or decreased intravascular volume stimulates secretion of (?) from the posterior pituitary
A
ADH
25
Q
- the main intracellular cation in the body.
- The precise regulation of its concentration is of extreme importance to cellular metabolism and is controlled chiefly by renal means
A
potassium
26
Q
- renal threshold
- A process when substances move from the tubular lumen to the peritubular capillary plasma.
- With the exception of water and chloride ions, the process is active; that is, the tubular epithelial cells use energy to bind and transport the substances across the plasma membrane to the blood
A
tubular reabsorption
27
Q
- describes the movement of substances from peritubular capillary plasma to the tubular lumen.
- describes when tubule cells secrete products of their own cellular metabolism into the filtrate in the tubular lumen.
- Transport across the membrane of the cell is again either active or passive
A
tubular secretion
28
Q
The PTH- and calcitonin-controlled regulation of (?) absorption from the gut and bone stores is more important than renal secretion or reabsorption
A
calcium
29
Q
Urine is temporarily stored in the (?) until voided by way of (?)
A
- bladder
- urethra
30
Q
- The glomerulus filters out (?) mL of an essentially protein free, cell-free fluid, called glomerular filtrate.
- The volume of blood filtered per minute is the (?)
A
- 125-130
- glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
31
Q
Large decreases of (?) will stimulate ADH secretion even when plasma osmolality is decreased. ADH stimulates (?)
A
- blood volume
- water reabsorption
32
Q
Aldosterone stimulates (?) in the distal tubules and (?) and (?) secretion
A
- sodium reabsorption
- potassium
- hydrogen ion
