Reinforcement

Question 1

Reinforcement

Answer 1

the process in which a behavior is strengthened by the immedi- ate consequence that reliably follows its occurrence. When a behavior is strength- ened, it is more likely to occur again in the future.

Question 2

How is reinforcement defined?

Answer 2

1. Occurance of a particular behavior
2. Followed by immediate consequence
3. This results in the strengthening of that behavior.

Question 3

Operant Behavior

Answer 3

A behavior that is strengthened through the process of reinforcement

Question 4

Reinforcer

Answer 4

the consequence that strengthens an operant behavior

Question 5

Reinforce Behavior not people

Answer 5

You do not reinforce people, only their behavior.

Question 6

What are the two types of reinforcement?

Answer 6

• Positive
• Negative
  (Both increase the probability that behavior will occur in the future

Question 7

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 7

1. Occurance of behavior
2. followed by addition of stimulus (reinforcer) an increase in the intensity of stimulus
3. This results in the strengthening of the behavior

Question 8

Negative enforcement

Answer 8

1. Occurance of behavior
2. followed by the removal of stimulus (an aversive stimulus) or a decrease in the intensity of a stimulus
3. This results om the strengthening of the behavior.

Question 9

Stimulus

Answer 9

Object or event that can be detected by one of the senses, and thus has the potential to influence the person (stimuli being plural for stimulus) my feature physical or social environment

Question 10

Positive reinforcer

Answer 10

stimulus that appears after the behavior. (often something pleasant or desirable, something the person will try to get)

Question 11

Aversive stimulus

Answer 11

the stimulus that is removed or avoided after the behavior. (often something unpleasant, painful or annoying) something the person will try to avoid

Question 12

Difference between positive and negative reinforcement

Answer 12

Positive - response produces a stimulus (positive reinforcer)
Negative - Response removes or prevents occurance of a stimulus (aversive stimulus)

BOTH CASES BEHAVIOR IS MORE LIKELY TO OCCUR IN THE FUTURE.

Question 13

What is negative reinforcement not

Answer 13

PUNISHMENT

Question 14

Social reinforcement

Answer 14

WHen a behavior produces a reinforcing consiquence through the actions of another person

Question 15

Automatic reinforcement

Answer 15

WHen a behavior produces a reinforcing consequence through direct contact with the physical environment

Question 16

Escape Premack Principle

Answer 16

One type of positive reinforcement involves the opportunity to engage in a high-probability behavior (a preferred behavior) as a consequence for a low- probability behavior (a less-preferred behavior), to increase the low-probability behavior (Mitchell & Stoffelmayr, 1973). This is called the Premack principle (Premack, 1959). For example, the Premack principle operates when parents require their fourth-grade son to complete his homework before he can go outside to play with his friends. The opportunity to play (a high-probability behavior) after the completion of the homework (low-probability behavior) reinforces the behavior of doing homework; that is, it makes it more likely that the child will complete his homework

Question 17

Escape Behavior

Answer 17

Occurrence of a behavior results in the termination of an aversive stimulus that was already present when the behavior occurred. (that is the person escapes from the aversive stimulus by engaging in a particular behavior

Question 18

Avoidance behavior

Answer 18

Occurance of the behavior prevents aversive stimulus from occurring. That is the person avoids the aversive stimulus by engaging in a particular behavior, and the behavior is strengthened. (see page 74 if unsure)

Question 19

Unconditioned reinforces

Answer 19

food, water and sexual stimulation (biologically conditioned)

Question 20

Conditioned reinforcer

Answer 20

(also known as a secondary reinforcer) is a stimulus that was once neutral, but became established as a reinforcer by being pared with an unconditioned reinforcer or an already established conditioned reinforcer. e.g. money

Question 21

Token

Answer 21

tool used to modify human behavior

Question 22

Generalized conditional reinforcer

Answer 22

When a conditioned reinforcer is paired with a wide variety of other reinforcers e.g. money.

Question 23

Factors that influence effectiveness of behavior

Answer 23

• Immediacy and consistency of consequence
• motivating operations
• magnitude of the reinforcer
• individual differences.

Question 24

Immediacy of reinforcment

Answer 24

the time between the occurrence of a behavior and the reinforcing consequence is important. For a consequence to be most effective as a reinforcer, it should occur immediately after the response occurs.The longer the delay the less effective due to a weaker connection between the two

Question 25

Contingency

Answer 25

If a response is consistently followed by an immediate consequence, that conse- quence is more likely to reinforce the response. When the response produces the consequence and the consequence does not occur unless the response occurs first

Question 26

Motivating operations

Answer 26

Soe events can make a perticular consiquence more or less reinforcing at some times that at other times. this alters the value of a reinforcer

Question 27

What are the two types or (MOs) Motivating operations

Answer 27

- Establishing operation (EO) | - Abolishing operation (AO)

Question 28

Establishing Operation (EO)

Answer 28

makes a renforcer more potent (established the effectiveness of a reinforcer

Question 29

Abolishing Operation (AO)

Answer 29

makes a reinforcer less potent (abolished or decreases the effectiveness of a reinforcer)

Question 30

What is a type of (EO) establishing operation

Answer 30

Deprivation

Question 31

Schedule of reinforcement

Answer 31

specifies whether every response is followed by a reinforcer or whether only some responses are followed.

Question 32

Continious reinforcement schedule (CRF schedule)

Answer 32

each occurrence of a response is reinforced

Question 33

Intermittent reinforcement schedule

Answer 33

each occurrence of a response is not reinforced, rather they are occasionally or intermittently reinforced.

Question 34

Acquisition

Answer 34

Person is acquiring a new behavior with the use of CRF continuous reinforcement schedule

Question 35

Maintenance

Answer 35

The behavior is maintained over time with the use of intermittent reinforcement

Question 36

Fixed Ratio Schedule (FR)

Answer 36

The delivery pf the reinforcer is based on the number of responses that occur

Question 37

Variable ration (VR) schedule

Answer 37

The number of responses needed for reinforcement varies each time, around an average number

Question 38

Fixed Interval (FI) schedule

Answer 38

A response is reinforced only if it occurs after an interval of time has passed. (does not matter how many times responses occur) The interval time is fixed, or stays the same each time.

Question 39

Variable Interval Schedule (VI)

Answer 39

each time interval is a different length. The interval varies around an average time

Question 40

Fixed Ratio

Answer 40

Reinforcer delivered after a certain number of responses. Produces high rate of behavior, with a pause after reinforcemen

Question 41

Variable Ratio

Answer 41

Reinforcer delivered after an average of x responses. Produces a high and steady rate of behavior, with no pause after reinforcement.

Question 42

Fixed Interval

Answer 42

Reinforcer delivered for the first response that occurs after a fixed interval of time. Produces a low rate of behavior, with an on-and-off pattern. The response rate increases near the end of the interval.

Question 43

Variable interval

Answer 43

Reinforcer delivered for the first response that occurs after a variable interval of time. Produces a steady, low-to-moderate rate of behavior, with no on-and-off pattern.

Question 44

Concurrent schedules of reinforcement

Answer 44

All of the schedules of reinforcement that are in effect for a persons behaviors at one time.

Question 45

Concurrent operants

Answer 45

Number of different behaviors or response options are concurrently available for the person.