Reinforcement Flashcards
Reinforcement
the process in which a behavior is strengthened by the immedi- ate consequence that reliably follows its occurrence. When a behavior is strength- ened, it is more likely to occur again in the future.
How is reinforcement defined?
- Occurance of a particular behavior
- Followed by immediate consequence
- This results in the strengthening of that behavior.
Operant Behavior
A behavior that is strengthened through the process of reinforcement
Reinforcer
the consequence that strengthens an operant behavior
Reinforce Behavior not people
You do not reinforce people, only their behavior.
What are the two types of reinforcement?
- Positive
- Negative
(Both increase the probability that behavior will occur in the future
Positive Reinforcement
- Occurance of behavior
- followed by addition of stimulus (reinforcer) an increase in the intensity of stimulus
- This results in the strengthening of the behavior
Negative enforcement
- Occurance of behavior
- followed by the removal of stimulus (an aversive stimulus) or a decrease in the intensity of a stimulus
- This results om the strengthening of the behavior.
Stimulus
Object or event that can be detected by one of the senses, and thus has the potential to influence the person (stimuli being plural for stimulus) my feature physical or social environment
Positive reinforcer
stimulus that appears after the behavior. (often something pleasant or desirable, something the person will try to get)
Aversive stimulus
the stimulus that is removed or avoided after the behavior. (often something unpleasant, painful or annoying) something the person will try to avoid
Difference between positive and negative reinforcement
Positive - response produces a stimulus (positive reinforcer)
Negative - Response removes or prevents occurance of a stimulus (aversive stimulus)
BOTH CASES BEHAVIOR IS MORE LIKELY TO OCCUR IN THE FUTURE.
What is negative reinforcement not
PUNISHMENT
Social reinforcement
WHen a behavior produces a reinforcing consiquence through the actions of another person
Automatic reinforcement
WHen a behavior produces a reinforcing consequence through direct contact with the physical environment
Escape Premack Principle
One type of positive reinforcement involves the opportunity to engage in a high-probability behavior (a preferred behavior) as a consequence for a low- probability behavior (a less-preferred behavior), to increase the low-probability behavior (Mitchell & Stoffelmayr, 1973). This is called the Premack principle (Premack, 1959). For example, the Premack principle operates when parents require their fourth-grade son to complete his homework before he can go outside to play with his friends. The opportunity to play (a high-probability behavior) after the completion of the homework (low-probability behavior) reinforces the behavior of doing homework; that is, it makes it more likely that the child will complete his homework
Escape Behavior
Occurrence of a behavior results in the termination of an aversive stimulus that was already present when the behavior occurred. (that is the person escapes from the aversive stimulus by engaging in a particular behavior
Avoidance behavior
Occurance of the behavior prevents aversive stimulus from occurring. That is the person avoids the aversive stimulus by engaging in a particular behavior, and the behavior is strengthened. (see page 74 if unsure)