REHS Study Flashcards
1
Q
Most important phase in bacterial growth
A
Lag Phase
2
Q
Exponential growth of bacteria
A
Log Phase
3
Q
Environmental conditions and food may become restrictive, causing leveling of bacterial growth
A
Stationary Phase
4
Q
Bacteria start accumulating waste products and toxins that kill each other
A
Death phases
5
Q
Bacteria Growth Factors
A
Food, Acidity, Time, Temperature, Oxygen, Moisture
6
Q
Bacteria require nutrients such as proteins and carbohydrates to reproduce
A
Food
7
Q
Most microorganisms grow best at this pH
A
4.6pH to 7.0pH
8
Q
This pH is considered out of potentially hazardous zone
A
<4.6 pH
9
Q
With the right conditions bacteria reproduce…
A
every 15 - 30 minutes
10
Q
What is the temperature danger zone
A
41F - 135F
11
Q
Bacteria grow in aerobic and anaerobic conditions
A
Oxygen
12
Q
Bacteria require water to survive
A
Moisture
13
Q
Oxidation reduction potential provides…
A
ideal environment for anaerobes
14
Q
Sous vide means…
A
Excluding air from the product
15
Q
Key role in controlling lag phase of bacterial growth
A
Temperature and Time
16
Q
Maximum hot food cooling time limits are as follows:
A
From 135F to 70F within first 2 hours. From 70F to 41F or below within 4 hours.
17
Q
Hot Food Preservation
A
Do not put cold food in steam table. Steam table is used to keep hot food hot (135F- 165F), not to cook foods or warm foods. Fridge foods should be reheated to at least 165F (w/in 2 hours) prior to putting in steam table.
18
Q
What is the purpose of canning?
A
To destroy organisms and not provide environment for which they can grow. Damaged cans introduce air, activation aerobic bacterial activity
19
Q
Sodium nitrate
A
Malicious food additive, used to meat prevents growth of botulism and retains quality of food
20
Q
Methemoglobinanemia
A
Infant ingestion of sodium nitrates causes Blue Baby Syndrome
21
Q
Monosodium Glutamate (MSG)
A
Food additive produced naturally by use of bacterial decomposition. Known as flavor enhancer and meat tenderizer
22
Q
Generally Regarded as Safe (GRAS)
A
FDA requires testing to certify if element is safe. Ex: ketchup, pepper, salad oil, vinegar
23
Q
Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetate (EDTA)
A
Common additive to prevent botulism growth. Known to work better than nitrates, but unlike nitrates, does not stop oxidation of meat and color changes
24
Q
Sulfurs (Sulfites)
A
Stops enzyme reaction in fruit/veggies, preserves food, prevents discoloration. Approved in manufacturing, must be labeled for use. Illegal to add in restaurants
25
Malachite Green
Can be used to detect addition of sulfites in food
26
Phosphoric Acid
Common in soft drink sodas to produce acidic reaction to enhance carbonation
27
Three categories for hamburger fat (%)
Regular Grade (no more than 30% fat)
Lean Grade (no more than 22% fat)
Extra Lean Grade (no more than 15% fat)
3 categories should not exceed 6-8% difference
28
Vending Machines
If vending machine holding temperature falls below minimum state required holding temp, then there is an automatic mechanism or switching device that locks the unit from further use until properly serviced
29
Food Illness Outbreak- CDC definition
1. Two or more persons have the same disease, have similar clinical features or have the same pathogen
2. A single case of suspect botulism
3. A single case of mushroom poisoning
4. A single case of ciguatera or paralytic shellfish poisoning or rare disease (Vibrio vulnificus)
30
Confirmed Case
Laboratory test conducted on the suspect bacteria or virus
31
Presumptive Case
Laboratory test showed negative on the suspect bacteria or virus
32
Suspect Case
No laboratory samples submitted
33
Secondary Case
Infected person was in contact with a primary case
34
Cal Code Definition AGI
Cal Code 113733- Acute gastrointestinal illness
a.) Diarrhea
b.) Vomiting in conjunction with diarrhea or two other gastrointestinal symptom such as fever or abdominal cramps
35
Foodborne Illness team consists of:
1.) Environmental Health
2.) Public Health Department
3.) Laboratory
36
What are the Seven Principles of the HACCP Plan?
1.) Conduct Hazard Analysis
2.) Identify Critical Control Points
3.) Establish Critical Limits
4.) Establishing Monitoring Procedures
5.) Establish Corrective Actions
6.) Establish Verification Procedures
7.) Record Keeping Procedure
37
Determine the Food Safety Hazardous and then identify the preventive measures that apply to control these hazards
Conduct Hazardous Analysis
38
Procedure in a food process (from its raw state through processing) at which control can be applied and as a result a food safety hazard can be prevented, eliminated, or reduced.
Identify Critical Control Points
39
Maximum or minimum value to which a physical, biological, or chemical hazard must be controlled at a critical control point to prevent, eliminate, or reduce it to an acceptable level
Establish Critical Limits
40
Procedure to monitor the control points
Establishing monitoring procedures
41
Are taken when monitoring indicates a deviation from a critical limit has not been met
Establish corrective actions
42
Ensures that the HACCP plan is adequate
Establish verification procedures
43
Written HACCP plan, records, documenting and monitoring of critical control points, critical limits
Record Keeping Procedures
44
Modern Sewer System
At most 2 days to reach plant. Travels at rate of at least 2ft/sec
45
Waste Water
Manholes placed 300-500 ft apart
Heaviest flow of sewage through wastewater treatment plan is between 3-9PM
46
Sanitary waste out of home, general business & institution from toilet, showers, sink, etc
Domestic Waste
47
Waste water discharged from manufacturing plant (restaurant, hospitals, canning, meat processors, refineries, etc)
Industrial Waste
48
Can infiltrate sewer system by cracks in sewer pipe
Ground Water
49
Certain amount of water infiltration from leaky pipes. High water table can be introduced into system by open drain
Storm Drain Runoff
50
Prohibiting draining of any type of wastewater onto public streets
National Pollution Discharge Elimination System
51
Liquid waste coming out of the ground at refuse landfills. Can be from rainfall seeping into landfill, or liquid waste intentionally dumped
Leachate
52
Fresh wastewater is 99.8% water and 0.2% solid concentration
Physical Characteristics of Waste Water
53
Fresh water water is also called..
Gray Water
54
Hot Zone at 113-158F
Thermophillic Zone
55
Medium Zone. Grows at 59-112F
Mesophillic Zone
56
Cold Zone. Grows at 35-50F
Psychrophillic Zone
57
Pipes drain liquid onto land
Surface Disposal
58
Shallow underground collection of pipes, title segmented loosely to allow water to percolate
Tile Field Disposal
59
Leach lines laid 2-5' underground, perforated pipes (4" thick)
Subsurface Disposal
60
No longer accepted, Dispose of waste water into large water body, river, stream, etc
Dilution Disposal
61
Waste water being treated. Waste water going into a treatment plant
Effluent
62
Something that is taken into material
Absorption
63
Something that adheres to the material
Adsorption
64
Standard weight of one gallon of water
8.34 lbs
65
One cubic feet of water contains
7.48 gallons
66
Bar Screening (removes large objects), Grit Removal (sand/gravel), Pre-aeration (introduces oxygen, helps remove oil/scum), Flow Meter (measures rate of flow), Chlorine (optional)
Preliminary Treatment
67
Sedimentation (Clarification Tanks, removes solids that can settle, floating debris)
Primary Treatment
68
Collects raw sludge and relocates for sludge digestion, Bio/Chemical/Physical Treatment (Further removal of solids and dissolved solids of the waste water)
Secondary Treatment
69
Filtration (Filters to remove particles/color/odor), Disinfection (Destroys pathogenic bacteria), Used mainly for reclaimed water
Tertiary Treatment
70
Activated sludge, trickling filter, oxidation ponds, composting subsurface disposal field (Biological Treatment Process)
Aerobic Treatment Process
71
Sludge digestion, methane production, septic tanks, composting
Anaerobic Treatment Process
72
Holds volume of water for period of time at shallow depths (3-5') to promote aerobic activity and purification water. Remains for 45-60 days before use.
Stabilization Pond (Lagoonization)
73
Solid portion of waste water
Sludge
74
Most biologically active, high potential to turn septic
Raw Sludge
75
Contains biological agents that digest sludge into inorganic materials, aka "Mixed Liquor"
Activated Sludge
76
Product of total anaerobic digestion, most stable
Digested Sludge
77
Simple hole dug, only used in past, now only used for emergencies
Pit Privy
78
Wastewater designed to seep into ground from _____ vault
Cesspool
79
If cannot connect to sewer, then next best option is ______. Water water retained in multi-compartment tank for ~24 hours where 60-70% of sludge settles.
Septic Tanks
80
What pipe color is reclaimed water?
Purple
81
What pipe color is steam, gas, oil?
Yellow
82
What pipe color is sewer?
Green
83
What pipe color is potable water?
Blue
84
What pipe color electrical?
Red
85
What pipe color are leach lines?
White
86
The concentration of a contaminant that, if exceeded, triggers treatment or other requirements that a water system must follow
Action Level (AL)
87
The highest level of a contaminant that is allowed in drinking water.
Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL)
88
Set as close to the public health goal or Maximum contaminant level goal as economically or technological feasible
Primary MCL
89
Set to protect the odor, taste, and appearance of drinking water
Secondary MCL
90
The level of a contaminant in drinking water, below which there is no known or expected health risk
MCL Goal
91
The level of disinfectant added for water treatment that may not be exceeded at the consumer's tap
Maximum residual disinfectant level (MRDL)
92
The level of a disinfectant added for water treatment below, which there is no known or expected health risk.
Maximum residual disinfectant level goal (MRDLG)
93
The level of a contaminant in drinking water below, which there is no known or expected health risk.
Public Health Goal (PHG). Set by the California EPA
94
MCLs and MRDLs for contaminants that affect health along with their monitoring and reporting requirements, and water treatment requirements
Primary Drinking Water Standard (PDWS)
95
When was the Safe Drinking Water Act signed into law?
December 16, 1974
96
When was the Safe Drinking Water Act amended?
1986 & 1996
97
What did the Safe Drinking Water Act do?
1. Set national standards regulating the levels of contamination in drinking water
2. Require public water systems to monitor & report their levels of identified contaminants
3. Establish uniform guidelines specifying acceptable treatment technologies
98
Federal & State Laws
1. California Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
2. Bulletin 74-90 and 74-81
3. Jurisdiction & authority of local construction standards
99
1. Caused by polluting runoff (phosphate detergents, nitrate, fertilizers, sewage)
2. Increase in nutrients cause algae blooms, algae, fish die and decompose to bottom creating oxygen loss, and new oxygen produced by living algae towards surface
Algae Blooms (Eutrophication)
100
Oligotrophic (Young), Mesotrophic (Middle-aged), Eutrophic (Old/Mature Lake)
Lake Age
101
Drinking Water Treatment
Untreated Water --> Coagulation --> Flocculation --> Sedimentation --> Filtration --> Disinfection --> Treated Water
102
1. Chemical reaction that occurs when a coagulating chemical is added to water.
2. Most common is aluminum sulfate (alum)
3. Coagulant reacts with water & minerals in the water to form floc particles
4. Neutralize negative charge on suspended particles - form larger clumps that are heavy enough to settle
Coagulation
103
1. Process of slow, gentle mixing of the water to encourage tiny floc particles to clump together & grow to a size that will settle quickly
2. Flocculent particles at 1.5 mm (1/16 inch) are usually heavy enough to settle within a few minutes
3. Mechanical mixers (preferred) or hydraulic mixing
4. Primary concern is the degree of mixing
Flocculation
104
1. Process of holding the water in quiet, low-flow conditions so suspended matter & particles can be settled out by gravity to the bottom of the tank & removed as sludge
2. Purpose is to remove as much of the flocculent & other suspended material as possible before water flows to the filters
3. The final step in pretreatment prior to filtration
4. An economic means of clarifying water
Sedimentation
105
1. Variation of gravity filtration
2. Uses biological processes as well as physical straining
3. Simple, cost-effective
Slow Sand Filters
106
1. Much greater water treatment filtration rate and the ability to clean automatically using back washing
2. Complete filtration cycle (filtration and back washing) occurs sequentially
Rapid Sand Filter
107
_____ are a convenient and economical choice for applications that require gross particulate removal.
Particulates are trapped in the bag for quick disposal. ____ are available for low flow and come in welded styles. They have multiple micron removal efficiencies.
Bag Filter
108
_____ is a valuable water purification process when mineral-free water is the desired end product.
Most mineral constituents of water are physically larger than water molecules. Thus, they are trapped by the semi-permeable membrane and removed from drinking water when filtered through a reverse osmosis system. Such minerals include salt, lead, manganese, iron, and calcium. ____ will also remove some chemical components of drinking water, including the dangerous municipal additive fluoride.
Reverse Osmosis
109
The selective destruction or inactivation of pathogenic organisms
Disinfections
110
Disinfection types:
1. Chlorine
2. Ozone
3. UV light
4. Boiling
111
Chlorine in this form has the highest disinfecting ability
Free available residual chlorine
112
_______ process of adding chlorine to water until the chlorine demand has been satisfied
Breakpoint Chlorination
113
Zone of saturation of groundwater, easy to find in flat areas, hard in hills
Water Table
114
Well bored into aquifer that has enough pressure to bring water to surface without pump
Artesian Well
115
Aeration Zone, Saturation Zone, Impervious Rock, Aquifer Water
Ground levels
116
97% of world's fresh water. Water percolates at 3ft/yr into aquifer
Aquifer
117
Caused by over drilling of aquifer, creating cone at top of well
Cone of Depression
118
When constructing, 3 things to consider (expense, depth of water table, type of construction)
Wells
119
Best type of quality, solid casing installed with perforation at bottom for aquifer. Large kinetic hammer drives casing into ground and past point of saturation. Well uses submergible pumps. Required 50' well seals
Case Driven Well
120
Use earth augers, depth is limited to length of auger used
Bored Well
121
Manually dug by man, machine, finished well lined with concrete, bricks, tile or clay pipes. Not deep
Dug Well
122
Prevents contaminants from entering the well casing
Sanitary seal
123
Supports pumping equipment & aids in sealing against surface water
Well Slab
124
Metal tube placed in the well to keep the well open
Well Casing
125
Mixture of cement, water, and sometimes sand
Grout
126
Space between the drilled hole and the casing. Grout seals the well against contamination
Annulus
127
At the bottom of the casing, penetrating the aquifer. The screen provides enough open spacing for unrestricted water flow. Gravel packing aids in filtering & increases well efficiency.
Well Screen (intake screen) & Gravel Packing
128
Allow you to connect your water pipe from your water well pump to an under ground discharge, to go to your house.
Pitless Adaptor
129
When your well is constructed the hole in the ground is bigger than in the ground is bigger than the well casing
Faulty Annular Seal
130
CO & O can have corrosive effects, H2S & CH4 can effect odor/taste
Entrained gas
131
Salts (Ca/Mg/K/Na), bicarbonates, nitrates/phosphates. Effects taste/odor/color/corrosion
Dissolved Minerals
132
Bacteria, fungi, mold, viruses, algae, clay
Suspended/Colloidal Solids
133
From mining, improper waste disposal and contamination
Radioactive Waste
134
Suspended solids, BOD, DO, COD, Nitrates, H2S, pH
Chemical Exam of H2O
135
Coliform (Most probable number MPN, Colilert Testing), MPN confirmation, membrane filter
Bacterial Exam
136
Inorganic, has threshold limit value (TLV) of 5 mg/L. High concentration yield metallic taste, can cause vomiting
Zinc
137
at 250mg/L, can cause health problems (heart disease)
Chlorides
138
Diff TLV depending on form. NaSO4 (Sodium Sulfate), MgSO4 (Magnesium Sulfate, Epsom salt), CaSO4 (Calcium Sulfate). High levels cause laxative effects to human body.
Sulfate Compounds
139
Common in detergents. Conc. Limit Value 0.5 mg/l. Common pollution indicator for human domestic sewage. Found carcinogenic. Replaced by LAS (Linear Alkanate Sulfonate)
ABS (Alkyl-Benzene Sulfanate)
140
Nitrates should not be found in fresh water sources
Limit - 10mg/l
141
High levels of nitrates can lead to
Blue Baby Syndrome (methemoglobinemia)
142
common in processed meats to counteract growth of botulism
Nitrates
143
Copper
1 mg/dl
144
Iron
3 ppm
145
Fluoride
0.6 - 1.7ppm
146
Defluorization
Two methods, Bone char & activated alumina
147
Nuclides (Radium Ra226):
3 micro-micro curie/l limit
148
Strontium 90 (Sr90)
10 micro-micro curie/l limit
149
Most sampling containers (300ml), sterilized w/ leak proof caps. Samples taken at 2ft below water surface.
Water Sampling
150
Standard for water clarity. Indexes of 5 units can be distinguishable. Soil, Silt, algae, microorganisms can affect...
Turbidity
151
Used while utilizing light of flame. Sample poured until flame is not seen down tube.
Jackson Turbidity Meter
152
Used for clarity tests in pools. Clarity= how deep disk seen from surface, should be min 4 feet.
Secchi Disk
153
1. Provides a media that contains specific indicator nutrients for total coliform & E. coli
2. As these nutrients are metabolized, yellow color & fluorescence are released confirming their presence
3. Noncoliform bacteria are chemically suppressed
4. Identified in 24 hours or less
Coli-alert Test
154
1. Uses a cellulose ester filter, called a membrane filter, the pore size is manufactured to close tolerances
2. Pore size selectively traps bacteria from water filtered through the membrane
3. Nutrients are diffused through the membrane to grow bacteria into colonies
4. Colonies are recognizable as coliform because the nutrients contain a dye
Membrane Filter Test
155
1. Standard method for determining coliform since 1936
2. Tubes of laurel tryptose broth are inoculated with a water sample
3. Coliform density is calculated from statistical probability formulas that predict the most probable number of (MPN) of coliform in a 100-mL sample necessary to produce certain combinations of gas positive (gas-forming) and gas-negative tubes in the series of inoculated tubes
Multiple Tube Fermentation
156
3 distinct test states
presumptive, confirmed, completed
157
Group 1: Water found satisfactory (low to no coliform), does not need treatment to be potable
Group 2: Water has low contamination levels but requires disinfection
Group 3-5: Contaminated water. Requires extensive disinfection process
Water Quality Classification
158
Best type, purest form of water, expensive, time consuming, boiling water then condense steam
Distillation
159
Use of electric current, + charge placed in H20, dissolved solids ions go through +/- membrane
Electro dialysis
160
Removes mineral compound (Ca, Mg) by increasing [Na]
Ion Exchange (Water softening)
161
any connection between piping that carries drinking water and the piping that carry other types of water or substances that may not be safe to drink (non-potable)
Cross Connection
162
The level of hazard determines the type of cross-connection prevention
Control Devices- Air Gap
163
Physical separation of drain pipe and drain
Air Gap
164
Flow of contaminated water into potable water supply caused by back pressure
Backflow
165
Form of back flow when pressure in potable water drops below pressure in flow of contaminated water
Back Siphonage
166
Used in toilet tank and commercial sink faucets, uses atmospheric pressure in event of back flow to force a valve to close, preventing waste water from entering potable water
Atmospheric Vacuum Breaker
167
Safest is Diagonal Jet Fountain. Air gap created when fountain jet used. Schools
Drinking Fountain
168
Connect to faucets, protects hose siphonage
Hose Bib Vacuum Breaker
169
Used as protection connection to all non-potable water supplies where line is not subject to back pressure. Under continuous pressure and must be installed above usage point.
Pressure Type Vacuum Breaker
170
Valve in toilet tank, discharges specific water amount activated by water pressure
Flushometer
171
Commercial water mains to protect municipal water supply. Must be certified and checked annually by certified backflow plumber
Reduced Pressure Backflow Prevention Device
172
Used in low hazard situations, where water may be polluted but not contaminated
Double Check Valve
173
Formed during drinking water chlorination (chlorination by-products). Considered potential human carcinogens
Trihalomethanes (THM)
174
Pesticide used to control nematode pesticides. Strong carcinogen. Factory workers found to have sterility problems.
1,2-dibromo-3-chlorompropane (DBCP)
175
Organic solvent, degreasing agent. Carcinogen
Trichloroethylene (TCE)
176
Similar organic solvent to TCE with toxic effects at 20PPB
Perchloroethylene (PCE)
177
Toxic to humans at high concentrations, known carcinogen. Used to manufacture chloroflouromethanes for refrigeration, air conditioners, aerosols. Causes ozone depletion in atmosphere
Carbon Tetrachloride
178
Mosquitos - wiggle horizontally up and down, no breathing tube. Adults stand 45 degree angle on flat surface.
Anopheles larvae (malaria)
179
Mosquitos- lies at ~45 angle, long breathing tube
Culex larvae (Western St. Louis Encephalitis)
180
Mosquito- have shorts thick breathing tube, relies on surface tension to stay afloat
Aedes larvale (Yellow Fever/Dengue)
181
Mosquito Control- Use long Mosquito Larvae Dipper to not scare larvae, count sample
Larval Surveys
182
Mosquito Control- Utilizes carbon dioxide as attractant for mosquitoes (such as piece of lard)
Dry Ice Traps
183
If possible, drain water. Floating debris cleared. Larvicide breaks surface tension of water and kills larvae
Large Water Bodies
184
Gambia Affinis (Mosquitos fish, consumes 200/day), Dragon Fly (larvae eats larvae & adult eats adult)
Natural Enemies
185
Last resort, pose hazard to environment
Pesticides
186
Fogging (insecticide), screening, bednet, protective clothing, repellents
Adult Mosquito Control
187
Fly species
1. House Fly
2. Blow Fly
3. Bottle Fly
4. Black Fly
5. Fruit Fly
188
Musca domestica, most dangerous for transfer of germs, breeds in feces (horse, pig, chicken, dog, man, NOT cattle).
Can live up to 60 days.
Common House Fly
189
Breeds in dead animal flesh. Attracted to substance called mercaptan
Blowfly/ Bottle Fly
190
Mechanical transmitter of diarrhea and dysentery. Common cause of myaisis in sheep and cattle.
Commonly found in wounds or skin opening scars.
Life cycle is 10-25 days.
Black Blow Fly
191
Infestation of tissue w/ fly larvae
Myaisis
192
Second only to mosquitos for blood sucking characteristics (primarily female).
Eggs laid in free flowing, fast moving water (river/streams)
Larvae attach to submerged rocks
Can transmit human onchocerciasis (filariasis disease known as river blindness)
Black Fly
193
Chrysops discalis, bites often painful/remain swollen.
Lay eggs in vegetation near still water (ponds, lakes)
Larvae develop in wet soil/water.
Known to transmit Tularemia
Deer Fly
194
Drosophilidae Family. Breed in decaying fruit.
Nuisance in bars for fruit liquor bottles.
Fruit Fly
195
1. Sanitation
2. Larvae Control
Fly Control
196
Introduce natural enemies
Biological/Physical Control
197
Conducted with airplane, helicopter. Fixed amount per target area.
Aerial Spraying
198
Chemical vaporizes which causes immediate death to nearby flies/insects
Fly Cords and Resin Strips
199
Doesn't work well because of depth the larvicide cannot penetrate to kill larvae
Larviciding
200
Short reproduction cycle, evolve quickly. Regularly switch formulas
Resistance Factors
201
Economical and effective. Min 16 mesh gauge (16 strands/inch)
Screening
202
Uses U.V. light Ex: Zap Trap
Electrocution
203
Fly Exclusion devices/fly fans. Commonly used over delivery doors of food facilities. Strong current of air provides barrier (min 1600 ft/min air)
Air Curtains
204
To control mass infestation, introduce...
Sterile Male Flies
205
Non chemical fly capture methods, baited traps fly cone surveys, fly grill surveys
Domestic Fly Survey Techniques
206
Most common device to determine local fly population and density. Places on natural attractant manure or garbage then count number of flies land on grill in 30 seconds
Fly Grill Survey
207
Most common to invade home/restaurant. Lays and carries eggs mass of 30-50 eggs called an ootheca
German Cockroach
208
Radio/TV roach, ootheca contains 18 eggs, hatch in 50-75 days
Brown Banded Cockroach
209
Screams, "real" water bug, cannot climb (unlike Brown-Banded/German), ootheca cary ~8 eggs which hatch in ~60 days
Oriental Cockroach
210
Largest. Ootheca contains ~14 - 16 eggs, hatch in 50 days. Flies often
American Cockroach
211
Cockroach Control:
1. Identify cockroach and lifecycle
2. Determine level of infestation, in full blown infestation identify source
3. Determine type of extermination (tenting with fumigation usually best, or spray/fog each unit)
212
Rattus norvegicus, most vicious/territorial.
Tails short/thick. Burrow in ground, swim
Norway Rat
213
Not vicious, agile climbers, long/slender tail live in high places
Roof Rat
214
Smallest of three, long tail, live in any convenient place, short migration range
House Mouse
215
What Kind of Rat?
Average length of dropping: 3/4 inch
Rounded ends
Norway Rat
216
What kind of rat?
Average length of dropping: 1/2 inch
Pointed ends
Roof Rat
217
What kind of rat?
Average length of dropping: 1/4 inch
Pointed ends
House Mouse
218
Rodent Control
1. Eliminate food source, proper sanitation, rodent harborage site must be removed, Norway rat burrows at 45 angle, plug holes and entrances
2. Roof Proofing: Ventilation should be screened/sealed, pipes no larger than 1/4", trees & branches should not touch building, clean all dropped fruit/veggies/plants
219
Last method, after proper sanitation technique. Most effective usually most poisonous
Pesticides
220
Classification of Pesticides -Route of Absorption:
1. Stomach Poison (must ingest)
2. Contact Poison (touch)
3. Fumigant Poison (inhalation)
4. Desiccants (release body fluid of insect by removing body silica gel, dries out insect)
221
chemicals are now classified in relation to lethal dose of chemical amount where 50% tested population dies.
LD50
222
LD50 toxic levels:
1. highly toxic LD50 (5-50mg/kg)
2. toxic (50-500mg/kg)
3. moderately (500-1000mg/kg)
4. slightly (1000-5000mg/kg)
5. non-toxic (5000+mg/kg)
223
LD50 1500mg/kg, natural organic insecticide produced from chrysanthemums
Pyrethrum
224
Synthesized form of pyrethrum. Moderately toxic.
Allethrin
225
Mostly banned because stay in environment for long time (DDT)
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
226
LD50 150, used in low concentration to treat head lice
Lindane
227
LD50 500, remains stable in environment for long periods of time
DDT
228
LD50 5000, used effectively against fleas
Methoxychlor
229
Ingested, causes internal bleeding. Common anticoagulants are Prival, Warfarin, Fumarin
Anticoagulants
230
Bait with 25% anticoagulant in box
Bait Box Trap
231
Extremely toxic, used in single dose applications, limited to pest control professionals
Toxic Poisons
232
Natural emetics are agents which cause an animal to regurgitate. Cause vomit to enter lungs, leading to drowning
Red Squill
233
Resembles white sugar and flour. Extremely toxic
1080 (Sodium Fluoroacetate)
234
Used in sewer systems. Toxicity <1080.
1081 (Sodium Fluroroacetamide)
235
Safest single dose, highly toxic to Norway rat, low toxicity to other mammals
Nor-Bromide
236
A pungent garlic, grayish/black powder favored by all domestic rodents
Zinc Phosphide
237
Arsenic compound
Paris Green
238
Central Nervous System inhibitor
Organophosphates and carbamates
239
Concentration exposure (oral/dermal) at which 50% of tested population dies
Lethal Dose 50 (LD50)
240
Concentration exposure (inhalation) at which 50% tested population dies
Lethal Concentration 50 (LC50)
241
Chemical concentrations to which workers may be exposed all day without adverse effects. ACGIH sets levels. Levels published by NIOSH. Toxicity exposure is function of time & dose.
Threshold Limit Values (TLV)
242
Average concentration workers can be repeatedly exposed to during 8 hr day, 40 hr week without developing adverse chronic effects
Time Weighted Average (TWA)
243
Concentration that cannot be exceeded even instantaneously because of serious health effects. Ceiling Value.
TLV-C
244
Short term exposure limit (STEL) is allowable exposure concentration for short time period. A 15 min average exposure period, repeated no more than 4 times per day, with a minimum of 1 hr between exposures, provided 8 hr TWA not exceeded
TLV-STEL
245
Cal-OSHA mandated values to enforce workplace violations
Permissible Exposure Limits (PEL's)
246
Maximum exposure concentration at any time
Ceiing
247
Standard for Acute Toxicity Ratings:
Acute Oral LD50 < 5,000 mg/kg single dose
Dermal LD50 < 4,300mg/kg in 4 hour period
Inhalation LC50< 10,000PPM gas vapor
248
Standard for Extremely Toxic Ratings
Oral LD50 < 50mg/kg single dose
Dermal LD50 < 43mg/kg in 4 hr period
Inhalation LC50 < 100PPM gas vapor
249
Consists of face piece connected to hose and regulator to air source (compressed air/oxygen or oxygen-generating chemical). Recommended in atmospheres that are Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (IDLH). Avg usage time is 30 minutes, limited to air supply/usage
Self Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)
250
supplies air, never oxygen. Not for use in IDLH environments
Supply Air Respirators (SAR's)
251
remove airborne contaminants.
Not for IDLH, oxygen deficient, unventilated, confirmed, and unidentified contaminant atmospheres.
Types include particulate filters, cartridges, canisters which contain sorbents for gas, vapors, or a combination of both.
Air-Purifying Respirators
252
PPE Levels: Offers highest level of protection for both respiratory & dermal. Used when handling extremely hazardous chemicals, in unventilated areas or working with unknown substance
Level A
253
PPE Levels: Offers highest level of protection for both respiratory & dermal. Used when working in unventilated area or low O2 environment with little to no splash hazards
Level B
254
PPE Levels: Lower level of respiratory and dermal protection, used when working in known airborne contaminants. Offers no chemical or splash hazards
Level C
255
PPE Levels: Offers little to no respiratory or low dermal protection. Used when working in known low level contaminants. Offers no chemical or splash hazards
Level D
256
Mixture of organic and inorganic materials
Refuse
257
Inorganic material component of refuse, does not break down by decomposition (bottles/cans)
Rubbish
258
Organic Waste material component of refuse, readily breaks down. Makes up 50% of refuse
Garbage
259
Commonly used in level terrain. Large earth moving equipment digs trenches through excavation, solid waste filled into trench, backfilled, and compacted. "cut and fill" method
Trench Method
260
Uses side of hill or sloped area, refuse dumped and covered with dirt. Most common method in the US and is continued until the entire slop is leveled
Area method
261
Landfill located in area with large depressions or slopes such as a valley or ravine. Refuse dumped, filled with dirt and compacted. Once leveled or exhausted, can be used as golf course or parks. Commonly used by large cities.
Valley or Ravine Method
262
Hazardous Materials accepted for disposal
Class 1 Landfill
263
Low level hazardous material accepted for disposal
Class 2 Landfill
264
No hazardous materials accepted
Class 3 Landfill
265
Sandy Loam is soil choice
Landfill Soil
266
Minimum daily cover is 6" compacted to prevent fly larvae emergence. Min final cover is 24"
Landfill Cover
267
Ideal Slope for Landfill (1:2, 50%, 26.3 degrees)
Final Closing Slop (1:3), 33%, 18.3 degrees)
Slope of Landfill Cell
268
Methane, CO2, Hydrogen Sulfide
Decomposition Gases Produced via Anaerobic Decomposition
269
Aerobic State is between 4-60 days, Anaerobic State is after 60 days.
State of a Landfill
270
Any liquid waste that comes out of a landfill
Leachate
271
Rows of compost piles positioned to allow air to flow through promoting aerobic decomposition
Windrows
272
Burning of waste products. For smokeless incineration, temperature should be maintained at 1500-1800F
Incineration
273
Landfills must be min ____ feet from lakes/streams, and min ____ feet from human habitation (communities)
200';500'
274
Citing landfill sites should be for duration of at least ______
30-40 years
275
Soil Science (most absorptive to least absorptive)
Sand --> Sand Loam --> Loam --> Silt Loam --> Clay Loam --> Clay
276
Results in good water absorption
Red/Brown Color
277
Usually bad PERC results
Blue/Black Color (slow water absorption)
278
Not very good soil for water absorption
Mottled Soil
279
Sampling Collection Methods
1. Grab Samples
2. Composite (Batch) Sampling
3. Number of Samples
4. Preservation and Storage of Samples
280
Emergency Inspections without a Warrant
1. Authorized if seizure of Hazardous Food
2. Sewage overflow
3. Vaccination against Small Pox
4. Quarantine of Communicable Disease
5. Destruction of diseased animals
281
Minimum PPM for Chlorine
minimum 100ppm for 30 seconds in cool water.
Too much chlorine causes odor/tarnish. Loses effectiveness if water is too dirty or too warm.
282
Minimum PPM for Quaternary Ammonia
minimum 200ppm. Less effected by dirty water, stays effective for longer time, less affected by hard water, safe to use with bare hands
283
Minimum PPM for Iodine
Minimum 12.5 ppm, less effected by dirty water, stays effective for longer time, less affected by hard water, metallic odor, brownish color.
284
What is the set up for Manual/Hand Washing
3 compartment sink, wash --> rinse --> sanitize
285
Lithium (Li)
Pharmaceutical; used to treat mental disorders as an anti-depressive
286
Potassium (K)
Naturally occurring radioactive isotopes.
Occurs in all soils, essential in plant growth and human/animal nutrition.
Can ignite spontaneously in moist air, extinguish with soda ash or graphite
287
Sodium (Na)
Peroxides are irritants & corrosives. Pure Na is fire risk (reacts w/ any form of water, ignites spontaneously in dry air when heated, extinguish using soda ash, salt, lime)
Radioactive forms used in tracer studies/medicine
288
Barium (Ba)
Causes respiratory problem in lungs when dust is inhales (baritones pneumonitis)
Used as digestive tract survey in medicine
289
Beryllium (Be)
Highly toxic (inhalation of dust)
Tolerance 0.002 mg/m^3 of air, known carcinogen
290
Magnesium (Mg)
Central element of the chlorophyll molecule, component of red blood capsules
291
Strontium (Sr)
Radioactive Sr is bone seeking element (collects in bones),
Byproducts from nuclear reaction
292
Chromic Acid (CRO5)
Highly toxic and corrosive to skin
293
Cobalt (Co)
Important trace element in soils, animal nutrition, radioactive Co cancer treatment
294
Copper (Cu)
Necessary trace element in human diet
Factor in plant metabolism
Nontoxic in elemental form
Noncombustible except as powder. Cu pipe with soda water.
295
Iron (Fe)
Siderosis (disease caused by inhalation of metallic particles)
Gives water metallic taste.
296
Manganese (Mn)
Fumes.
Dust/powder is flammable.
Exposure has caused spastic/psychological symptoms, pneumonitis
297
Nickel (Ni)
Flammable/toxic as dust or fume, carcinogen, exposure can cause dermatitis
298
Tin (Sn)
All organic tin compounds are toxic, stenosis (tin poisoning), block tin used in coating copper cooking utensils and lead sheets
299
Zinc (Zn)
Fume fever (dust), flammable, fire and explosion risk
300
Arsenic (As)
Known carcinogen, dermatitis, gastrointestinal, possible teratogen, respiratory impairment.
Highly toxic ingestion/inhalation
OSHA employee exposure 10ug/m^3 air
ACGIH is 0.2mg/m^3 air
Common industrial waste product considered as hazardous waste
301
Cadmium (Cd)
Kidney, testes necrosis, poisoning, vomiting, diarrhea, cramps, fumes, pneumonitis, emphysema, food poisoning
302
Lead
FDA regulations 0 Pb in food, 0.05% in house paint
303
Lead Poisoning
Avg adult blood level 5-10ug/dl
Children 10-15ug/dl should be monitored for lead poisoning
Subclinical 20-35ug/dl
Moderate/High Toxic >35ug/dl
Treatment may include chelation using Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic acid or EDTA
304
Tool to assess lead
X-ray Fluorescence Refractor (XFR)
305
Mercury (Hg)
Gastrointestinal impairment, inflamed mouth/gums, CNS tremors, psychological symptoms (tolerance 0.05mg/m^3)
306
Asbestos
OSHA PEL-TWA is 0.2 fibers/cc for fibers
>5um in length
307
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Highly toxic inhalation, highly flammable, fire/explosion risk, flammable limits in air (12-75% by volume
308
Carbon Monoxide tolerance
50ppm (industrial), U.S. standard is 35ppm
309
Liquid waste coming out of the ground at refuse landfills.
Leachate
310
Fresh wastewater is 99.8% water and 0.2% solid concentration
Physical Characteristics of Waste Water
311
Fresh water is also called
Gray Water
312
Hot Zone at 113-158F
Thermophillic Zone
313
Medium Zone. Grows at 59-112F
Mesophillic Zone
314
Cold Zone. Grows at 35-50F
Psychorophillic Zone
315
____ pipes drain liquid onto land
Surface Disposal
316
Easy to use and cost efficient for pools
Hyperchlorous Chlorine (HOCl)
317
Samples should be taken at 12-18" depth with forward sweeping motion for pools
Testing for Chlorine
318
Measures total residual chlorine, heat sensitive
Orthotoludene (Ortho Test)
319
Measures free & combined levels, not heat sensitive, more accuratee
D-P-D (Diethyl-Phenylene-Diamine)
320
Minimum turnover rate for pool
6 hours
321
Minimum turnover rate for a spa
0.5 hour
322
Minimum turnover rate for a wading pool
1 hour
323
