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Excelsior N212- Life Span 2 > Regulatory Disorders of glands > Flashcards

Regulatory Disorders of glands Flashcards

1
Q

List pituitary hormones:

Anterior (6)

Posterior (2)

A 
ANTERIOR:
Corticotropin (ACTH)
Somatotropin (GH) growth hormone 
Thyrotropin (TSH)
Follicle stimulating (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Prolactin

POSTERIOR:
Antidiuretic (ADH)
Oxytocin

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2
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Also known as Vasopressin

Which gland secretes it?
What are it’s actions and effects?

A

Pituitary
Targets kidneys

ADH helps regulate fluids by regulating urine output.

When secretion of ADH is low, urinary output increases.

Trauma, pain, anxiety exposure to high temperature all increase ADH release, lowering urine output.

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3
Q

Corticotropin ACTH
Which gland secretes it?
What are it’s actions and effects?

A

Pituitary

Targets adrenal glands

ACTH stimulates adrenal gland to produce glucocorticoid and mineralcorticoid hormones.

Increased production of adrenal gland decreases ACTH production and vice versa

AdrenoCorticoTropic Hormone

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4
Q

Somatotropin- growth hormone (GH)
Which gland secretes it?
What is its target and effects?

A

Pituitary

Target: acts on all body cells

Increases bone and cartilage growth by increasing absorption of calcium in GI.
If GH is inhibited, growth will be stunted.
and if GH is overproduced, growth will be excessive.

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5
Q

Thyrotropin TSH
Which gland secretes it?
What are it’s actions and effects?

A

Pituitary
Targets thyroid gland

Stimulates thyroid to produce thyroxine and triiodothyronine.
Too little tsh leads to inactivity of thyroid.
Too much tsh causes hypertrophy(overgrowth) of thyroid.

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6
Q

Which gland regulates the pituitary?

Where is pituitary located?

A

Hypothalamus regulates pituitary.

Pituitary is located in sella turcica, a depression in sphenoid bone.

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7
Q

What must be ruled out as cause of decreased growth hormone?

A

Pituitary tumor
Sudden halted growth suggests a tumor.
Gradual failure suggests idiopathic involvement.

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8
Q

Signs symptoms of pituitary tumor:

A 
Sudden halted growth.
Vision loss
Headache 
Increased head circumference 
Nausea vomiting
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9
Q

Management of GH deficiency

Hypopituitariantism

A

Treated by IM rhGH usually given at bedtime which is time of day that GH peaks.

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10
Q

Cause of Diabetes insipidus

A

Decreased release of ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
Causes less reabsorption of fluid by kidney tubules.
Urine becomes dilute and large amount of fluid is lost by urine.

May result from a lesion, tumor or injury to posterior pituitary.

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11
Q

Symptoms of diabetes insipidus

A

Polydipsia - excessive thirst

Polyuria

Very low specific gravity

Hypernatremia (fever, irritable, lethargic, headache, seizures)

Weight loss
Dehydration
Death

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12
Q

Treatment of diabetes insipidus

A

Desmopressin, an arginine vasopressin

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13
Q

Which hormones are secreted by thyroid? (3)

A

Thyroxine - T4
Triiodothyronine- T3
Calcitonin

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14
Q

Congenital hypothyroidism
(Screening is mandatory in US)
Cause and symptoms:

A 
Born with absent or nonfunctional thyroid.
sleeps excessively 
Enlarged tongue 
Cold, dry scaly extremities.
No perspiration 
Short neck
Constipation

If untreated, will result in irreversible cognitive delay

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15
Q

Corticosteroids

A

Hormones produced by adrenal cortex

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16
Q

Acromegaly

A

Over secretion of growth hormone

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17
Q

Cushing Syndrome symptoms

A

Weight gain and fatty tissue deposits, particularly around the midsection and upper back, in the face (moon face), and between the shoulders (buffalo hump)
Pink or purple stretch marks (striae) on the skin of the abdomen, thighs, breasts and arms
Thinning, fragile skin that bruises easily
Slow healing of cuts, insect bites and infections
Acne

18
Q

Causes of Cushing syndrome

A

Oral corticosteroids

Over secretion of Adrenocorticotropic hormone.

19
Q

Cushing syndrome

Sodium and potassium levels?

A

Can have hypernatremia And hypokalemia

20
Q

Myxedema

A

Myxedema refers to a severe form of hypothyroidism than can occur when the condition is left untreated or is not treated sufficiently. The term also applies to the effects that hypothyroidism can have on the skin, making it appear swollen and puffy.

21
Q

Hashimoto’s hypothyroidism

A

Anti-thyroid antibodies attack thyroid gland and it does not make T4.
The pituitary, working on negative feedback, keeps sending more tsh.
High TSH is hypothyroidism.

22
Q

Types of hyperthyroidism

A

Hyperthyroidism has several causes, including Graves’ disease, thyroid nodules, and thyroiditis—inflammation of the thyroid.
Rarely, hyperthyroidism is caused by a noncancerous tumor of the pituitary gland located at the base of the brain.
Consuming too much iodine or taking too much thyroid hormone medicine also may raise your thyroid hormone levels.

23
Q

Graves’ disease

A

Graves’ disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder. With this disease, your immune system attacks the thyroid and causes it to make too much thyroid hormone

24
Q

syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)

A

Caused by excessive ADH secretion from Pituitary gland.

Retain fluids

accounts for approximately one-third of all cases of hyponatremia

If water intake exceeds the reduced urine output, the ensuing water retention leads to the development of hyponatremia

25
Q

Treatment of SIADH

A

Fluid restrictions

Diuretics

26
Q

Euthyroid

A

Normal thyroid production

27
Q

Calcitonin

A

Secreted by thyroid gland.

Secreted in response to High plasma levels of calcium.

Reduces plasma level of calcium by increasing it deposit in bone.

28
Q

Parathyroid hormone does what?

A

Regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism. Increased Parathormone results in increased calcium absorption from the kidney, intestine, and bones which raises the serum calcium level.

29
Q

Hyperparathyroidism

A

Overproduction of parathormone by parathyroid glands.

Characterized by bone decalcification and development of renal calculi containing calcium.

Elevated serum calcium levels

30
Q

Hypercalcemic crisis

A

Calcium levels greater than 13 result in neurologic, cardiovascular, and kidney symptoms that can be life-threatening.

Requires Rapid rehydration and administration of calcitonin.

31
Q

Hypoparathyroidism

A

Caused by abnormal parathyroid development, destruction of parathyroid glands and vitamin D deficiency.

Deficiency of parathormone results in increased blood phosphate and decreased blood calcium levels.

Sx: tetany, anxiety, delirium.

32
Q

Symptoms of hypocalcemia or hypoparathyroidism.

Treatment of hypoparathyroidism

A

Tetany, positive chvostek’s sign or positive Trousseau’s sign.

Treatment increases calcium. Treatment may include combinations of Calcitrol, calcium, magnesium and vitamin D.

Diet high in calcium and low in phosphorus is recommended

33
Q

Pheochromocytoma

A

Benign tumor of adrenal medulla.

Causes high blood pressure and is usually fatal if undetected. Can be cured by surgery.

34
Q

Addison’s disease causes

A

Decreased cortisol.
Also known as adrenocortical insufficiency. Auto immune or idiopathic atrophy of adrenal glands accounts for many.
Other causes Are tuberculosis or surgical removal of both adrenal glands.
Therapeutic use of corticosteroids is the most common cause of adrenal cortical insufficiency.

35
Q

Symptoms of Addison’s disease

A

Muscle weakness, anorexia, G.I. symptoms, dark pigmentation of mucous membranes in skin, hypotension,
low sodium, high potassium,
dehydration.

36
Q

Difference between Cushing’s syndrome and Addison’s disease

A

Cushing’s : hyperproduction of adrenocortical hormone.
Hypernatremia and hypokalemia

Addison’s: hypoproduction of adrenocortical hormone
Hyponatremia and hyperkalemia

37
Q

Aldosterone

A

Conserves body sodium. Kidneys excrete less sodium and more potassium and hydrogen.

38
Q

Aldosteronism - overactive aldosterone

Symptoms and treatment

A

Universal sign of aldosteronism is hypertension.

Hypokalemia and alkalosis due to the excretion of potassium and hydrogen.

Treatment usually involves surgical removal of adrenal tumor.

39
Q

What are the 3 types of corticosteroids that are secreted by adrenal cortex?

And what are their basic description and examples

A

Glucocorticoids - stress hormones- cortisol

Mineralocorticoids- regulate fluid and electrolytes—aldosterone

Sex hormones - androgens and estrogens

40
Q

Name 2 catecholamine hormones that are excreted by adrenal medulla.

A

Epinephrine

Norepinephrine

Fight or flight
Sympathetic nervous system

41
Q

“Master gland” of endocrine system

A

Pituitary

42
Q

What illness/ disease is caused by high levels of corticosteroids?

A

Cushing’s syndrome

Excelsior N212- Life Span 2 (5 decks)

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