Mental Health Flashcards
4 levels of anxiety and descriptions
Mild anxiety: usually normal for most people. Prepares people for action.
Moderate: decreased concentration, trouble making decisions, restlessness
Severe: can only concentrate on one detail. Difficulty completing any task, physical symptoms
Panic anxiety: loss of contact with reality, not able to communicate, terror, prolonged panic can be life threatening
What are some of the behavioral responses to each of the 4 levels of anxiety?
Mild anxiety: sleeping, yawning, fidgeting, talking, crying, laughing
Moderate: restless, increased hr and respiration, gastric discomfort
Severe: hyperventilation, nausea, trembling, urinary frequency.
Panic: dilated pupils, immobility or purposeless hyperactivity, incoherence
Compensation
Covering up a real or perceived weakness by emphasizing a trait more desirable.
Sometimes a good thing.
Reaction formation
Preventing unacceptable or undesirable thoughts or behaviors from being expressed by exaggerating opposite thoughts or types of behaviors. Hi
Displacement
Transfer of feelings from one target to another that is considered less threatening or that is neutral
Identification
Attempt to increase self-worth by acquiring certain attributes and characteristics of an individual on admires.
Sublimation
Re-channeling of drives or impulses that are personally or socially unacceptable into activities that are constructive.
Stages of grief
DABDA
Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance
Describe Freud’s structure of personality
Id: pleasure principle, instinctual drive
Ego: rational self, mediated between id and superego
Superego: conscience- Black and white facts. Rigid, striving for perfection
Name and describe Freud’s 3 categories of all mental contents and operations. (Not the id)
Conscious: includes memories within awareness. Smallest of the 3.
Preconscious: forgotten memories or not in present awareness.
Unconscious: unable to bring back to awareness. Repressed memories.
Harry Stack Sullivan has theory of interpersonal concepts. How people relate in social interactions.
What are his 6 stages of personality development?
Infancy: birth to 18 months- relief from anxiety through oral gratification
Childhood: 18mos- 6 years- learning to experience delay in gratification without undue anxiety
Juvenile 6-9 yrs: form satisfactory peer relationships
Preadolescent 9-12 :relationships with same gender
Early adolescence 12-14: relationships with opposite gender. Develop sense of identity.
Late adolescence 14-21: self identity, lasting relationships
Main idea of Margaret Mahler’s theory of object relations.
Separation from primary caregiver. Individualization.
What was Piaget’s theory about?
Cognitive development
What was Kohlberg’s theory of development about?
Moral development.
What is behavior motivated by?
Who developed an interpersonal theory specific to nurse- client relationships?
Correlated stages of personality development to nursing.
Hildegard Peplau
What is psychodynamic nursing?
Being able to understand one’s own behavior,
To help others identify felt difficulties,
And to apply principles of human relations to problems that arise at all levels of experience.
What are the 4 phases of nurse- client relationship according to Peplau?
And describe each
Orientation: client, nurse and family work together to clarify and define existing problem.
Identification: clients responds selectively to those who offer needed help.
Exploitation: client takes full advantage of services offered
Resolution: occurs when client gathers strength and assumes independence
Psychiatrist
Can prescribe.
Responsible for diagnosis and treatment.
Has medical degree
Psychologist
Evaluates and interprets testing.
doctorate in psychology.
Wernicke’s encephalopathy
Cause and symptoms
Serious form of thiamine deficiency in alcoholics.
Paralysis of eye muscles,diplopia, ataxia, somnolence, stupor.
If thiamine replacement is not quick, death may occur.
Sometimes referred to as Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.
Korsakoff’s psychosis
Causes and symptoms
Caused by alcoholism. Encountered in clients recovering from Wernicke’s encephalopathy.
Sx- confusion, loss of recent memory, confabulation (distorted memories)
Treatment is thiamine replacement
Sometimes referred as Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.
What is disulfiram?
Antabuse
Blocks oxidation of alcohol.
Could lead to death with high levels of alcohol.
Wait for at least 12 hours after last drink to administer.
Sensitivity to alcohol may last up to 2 weeks after last dose.
Where did the word schizophrenia derive from?
Skhizo (split)
Phren (mind)
How many schizophrenics attempt suicide?
About 1/3 of people with the disorder.
List and describe 4 phases of schizophrenia
1-premorbid: social withdrawal, irritability, antagonistic thoughts and behaviors
2-prodromal: length is 2-5 years. Sleep impaired, depressed, anxious, functional impairment
3-schizophrenia: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, catatonic behavior, decreased functioning
4-residual: periods of remission and exacerbation. Usually flat affect remains
Delusional disorder
Several different types
Characterized by delusions for at least one month. Hallucinations are not prominent and behavior is not bizarre.
Hi
What medical conditions can cause catatonic disorder?
Metabolic disorders (hepatic encephalopathy, hypo and hyperthyroidism, hypo and hyperadrenalism, b12 deficiency)
Neurological conditions (epilepsy, tumors, cerebrovascular disease, head trauma, encephalitis)
Schizophreniform disorder
Same as schizophrenia but lasts at least one month but less than 6 months.
Schizoaffective disorder
Schizophrenic behavior but has mood disorders (depression or mania)
Which foods should be avoided with MAOI’s? (Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors)
Foods that contain tyramine. Aged Cheeses are highest, but most cheese have some tyramine. Raisins Some beans Red wines Smoked meats Soy sauce MSG Avocado Chocolate
Cyclothymic disorder
Chronic mood disorder that lasts at least 2 years.
Not as severe as bipolar symptoms but similar.
Trichotillomania
Pulling out hair obsession
Conversion disorder
Loss or change in body function not explained by medical or pathophysiological cause
What are the following conversion symptoms?
Aphonia:
Anosmia:
Pseudocyesis:
Aphonia:inability to produce voice
Anosmia: inability to smell
Pseudocyesis:false pregnancy
Factitious disorder
Conscious, intentional pretending physical or psychological symptoms to get attention or comfort
Also called muchausen syndrome
Dissociative identity disorder
Formerly known as multiple personality disorder
Schizoid personality disorder
Vs.
schizotypal personality disorder
schizoid: Profound defect in ability to form relationships and respond to others in a meaningful way.
Seen as cold, shy, serious.
Schizotypal: “latent schizophrenics”. Odd and eccentric behavior. Apathetic. Magical thinking, depersonalization, “sixth sense”, difficult speech,
Antisocial personality disorder
Socially irresponsible, guiltless behavior
Disregard the rights of others
Borderline personality disorder
Intense and chaotic relationships.
Impulsive, self destructive, lack clear sense of identity.
Fear of being alone
Narcissistic personality disorder
Exaggerated self worth Need for admiration Lack of empathy Entitlement Takes advantage of others for own purposes
Avoidant personality disorder
Hypersensitive to negative evaluation
Avoids contact with people because of fears of criticism, disapproval or rejection
Feels Inferior to others
Very shy
What is milieu therapy
Milieu therapy is a form of psychotherapy that involves the use of therapeutic communities. Patients join a group of around 30, for between 9 and 18 months. During their stay, patients are encouraged to take responsibility for themselves and the others within the unit
Acute dystonia
Side effect of antipsychotics. Muscle spasm of neck, tongue, Back spasm upward eye movement laryngeal spasm that can impair respiration.
Tardive dyskinesia
Protrusion and rolling tongue
Sucking and smacking lips
Chewing motion
Involuntary movements of body
Acetylcholine
Cholinergic neurotransmitter that is decreased or absent in thought disorders involving memory loss.
It increases neuron activity, increases muscle contraction and glandular secretion.
How are antihistamines used in mental health?
Often used to counter side effects of some mental health meds.
Who developed “crisis theory”
And what is it?
Gerald Caplan
Says anxiety can be so overwhelming that it can cause an inability to summon normal coping mechanisms.
According to Freud, what is the segment of personality that operates at the conscious level of awareness?
Ego
What is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)?
Inhibitory neurotransmitter.
Decreased levels cause anxiety, seizures and aggression.
Harry Stack Sullivan’s interpersonal theory says that people strive for what 2 things?
Satisfaction
Security
Freuds superego does what?
Ethical decision making
Values
Standards of morality
Conversion disorder
Person describes neurological symptoms that mimic known diseases, but is rarely anxious about these symptoms
Malingering
Symptoms are faked for maternal gain
Difference between state anxiety and trait anxiety
state anxiety: acute anxiety
trait anxiety: chronic anxiety
Failure to recognize or identify objects.
Seen with dementia
Agnosia
