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Env. Management, Science & Policy > Regulatory Approaches and Water Protection > Flashcards

Regulatory Approaches and Water Protection Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 main types of standard and which 2 are traditional?

A
  1. Target/Exposure Standards - TRADITIONAL
  2. EQS
  3. Standards set at source - TRADITIONAL
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2
Q

What are standards based on ?

A

Best available science which links to command and control

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3
Q

What do target standards protect?

A

The public or a speck species

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4
Q

What are target standards based on ?

A

RA and toxicity studies

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5
Q

What do you need to understand for target standards ?

A

S-P-R, susceptible species, vulnerable groups, what is safe in the long-term

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6
Q

What are the 2 aims of EQS?

A
  1. To protect and improve env.water quality

2. To protect specific uses/values of the env. including wildlife and human consumptive/non-consumptive uses

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7
Q

What were early EU standards based on?

A

Bathing Waters Directive

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8
Q

What does the WFD do?

A

Provide general protection of aquatic ecology for ALL water resources up to 1nm in EandW and 3nm in Scot.

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9
Q

What 3 things does the WFD provide specific protection of?

A
  1. Habitats (unique)
  2. Drinking Water Resources
  3. Bathing Waters
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10
Q

What 3 things do we aim to have good status for?

A
  1. Ecology
  2. Chemical
  3. Groundwater
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11
Q

What is a TAG?

A

Technical Advisory Group that uses and provides scientific advice

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12
Q

Which daughter directive to the WFD provides annual averages and maximum allowable concentrations?

A

EQS Directive 2008

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13
Q

What local factors impact water chemistry?

A

Geology, catchment size, water types, tide and exposure

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14
Q

How the WFD deal with variability across Europe?

A

It has established a set of compatibility procures for member states

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15
Q

What is good ecological status defined in terms of?

A
  1. Quality of the Biological Community
  2. Hydrological Characteristics
  3. Chemical Characteristics
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16
Q

Give an example of the type of ecosystem which has had guidelines set for it by a TAG

A

Muddy Sand Shores

17
Q

Where would there be lower standards under the WFD?

A
  1. For heavily modified/artificial waters

2. Exemptions

18
Q

Why are there not often lower standards in the UK?

A

Many residential areas

19
Q

Where would there be higher standards under the WFD?

A

For designation of priority or protected areas such as SACs and SPAs

20
Q

What are the 3 main types of standards set at source?

A
  1. Process Specification
  2. Emissions/Effluent Standards
  3. Cross-Media Approach
21
Q

Which Directive deals with the specific requirements for agglomerations, collections, food processing, receiving areas etc. ?

A

Urban Waste Water Directive 91/271/EC

Amended 98/15/EC

22
Q

Collection and treatment is needed for agglomerations of…

A
23
Q

Secondary treatment is needed for agglomerations of….

A

> 2000 (including tourists)

24
Q

Agglomerations of >10,000 require…

A

Advanced treatment

25
Q

Is there negotiation across Europe with urban waste water treatment?

A

No

26
Q

What is discharge consent ?

A

When an industry is allowed to discharge specific pollutants into the aquatic environment. It is a written authorisation

27
Q

When is consent required?

A

For discharge of anything other than clean, uncontaminated surface water to surface and groundwater’s

28
Q

Where can permits be obtained from?

A

The Environmental Regulator

29
Q

What does a consent ensure?

A

No threat to the environment

30
Q

What are the 3 main substances requiring consent?

A
  1. Suspended Solids
  2. Biochemical Oxygen Demand
  3. Ammonia
31
Q

Give 3 points about the Gower consent ?

A
  1. No more than 2813 cum/day
  2. Requires biological treatment
  3. No more than 200 mg/day of suspended solids
32
Q

What is the differences between uniform and local emission standards with examples?

A

Uniform standards are set an EU level under the dangerous substances directive for example. Local standards are based on the EQS from the WFD or other EU directives to determine local standards in order to meet the EQS (e.g. UK red list)

33
Q

What is the main form of cross-media approach?

A

IPPC - Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control

34
Q

What are the 2 main aims of IPPC?

A
  1. To achieve high level of protection for the environment and human health
  2. Prevent, reduce and eliminate pollution by prioritising efforts on the most significant industrial and agricultural activities
35
Q

What 5 things does IPPC regulated for significant sites?

A
  1. Raw material and energy use
  2. How the site operates and the technology used
  3. Emissions into air, water and land
  4. How any waste produced is managed
  5. Accident prevention
36
Q

When must operators apply for permits?

A

Prior to opening unless otherwise stated

37
Q

What must be considered when applying for a permit?

A

All environmental and health impacts associated with the emissions

Env. Management, Science & Policy (4 decks)

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