Regulations and Publications Flashcards
What is HATh, and what type of minimums is it used in conjunction with?
Height above Threshold is the height of the DH or MDA above the runway Threshold Elevation, used in conjunction with straight in minimums.
What is HAL, and what type of approach is it used for?
Height above Landing is the height above a designated helicopter landing area used for helicopter instrument approach procedures.
What is the Touchdown Zone?
The first 3,000’ of the usable landing surface, and used to determine the TDZE (Touchdown Zone Elevation).
What is HAT, and what type of minimums is it used in conjunction with?
Height Above Touchdown is the height of the DH or MDA above the highest elevation in the Touchdown Zone, used in conjunction with straight-in minimums.
What is HAA, and what type of minimums is it used in conjunction with?
Height Above Airport is the height of the MDA above the published Airport Elevation, used in conjunction with circling minimums.
What is a DA/DH, and what type of approach is it used on?
Decision Altitude/Decision Height is a specified altitude or height at which a decision must be made to either continue the approach or execute a missed approach used in conjunction with a precision approach. DA is referenced to MSL and DH is referenced to Threshold Elevation.
What is an MDA, and what type of approach is it used on?
Minimum Descent Altitude is the MSL altitude to which descent is authorized on final approach, or during a circle-to-land maneuver, used in conjunction with a non-precision approach.
What does a sideways “T” on a route indicate?
MEA, MOCA, and/or MAA change at other than a NAVAID.
What is a mileage breakdown point, and how is it identified?
A mileage breakdown point is a point on a route where the leg segment mileage ends, and a new leg segment mileage begins, often at a route turning point, It is indicated by an “x” on the route.
What is a changeover point?
A changeover point indicates the point on an airway where you should change over to the next navigational frequency.
What is an OROCA?
Off Route Obstruction Clearance Altitude - An off-route altitude which provides obstruction clearance within eac bounded lat/long quadrant as shown on IFR charts. It may not provide NAVAID signal coverage.
What is an MVA?
Minimum Vectoring Altitude - The lowest MSL altitude at which IFR aircraft can be radar vectored. It meets obstacle clearance requirements, but is not published on charts. It is only available to controllers.
What is an MAA?
Maximum Authorized Altitude - The maximum usable altitude for an airspace structure or route segment. On a route segment it is the highest altitude that assures navigation aid signals.
What is an MRA, and how is it identified?
Minimum Reception Altitude - The lowest altitude at which an intersection can be determined. It is identified by a “flag” with an “R” in it.
What is an MCA, and how is it identified?
Minimum Crossing Altitude - The lowest altitude at certain fixes at which an aircraft must cross when proceeding in the direction of a higher MEA. It is identified by a “flag” with an “X” in it.
What is a MOCA, and what does it ensure?
Minimum Obstruction Clearance Altitude - The lowest altitude between radio fixes which meets obstacle clearance requirements for the entire route segment and which assures acceptable navigational coverage only within 22 NM of a VOR.
What is an MEA, and what does it ensure?
Minimum Enroute IFR Altitude - The lowest altitude between radio fixes which assures acceptable navigational signal coverage and meets obstacle clearance requirements between those fixes.
What is an MIA?
Minimum IFR Altitude - The minimum altitude for IFR operations. If no minimum altitude is prescribed, the minimum altitude is 1,000’ AHO (non-mountainous) or 2,000’ AHO (mountainous) within 4 NM of the course to be flown.
On an approach plate, what is an MSA and what does it provide?
Minimum Safe Altitude - It is for emergency use and provides at least 1,000’ of obstacle clearance within a 25 NM radius of the fix that the procedure is predicated upon. It is either a Minimum Sector Altitude or Emergency Safe Altitude.
An Emergency Safe Altitude provides obstacle clearance of 1,000’ in non-mountainous terrain and 2,000’ in mountainous terrain within 100 NM of the fix. It is generally only used in military procedures.
On a VFR sectional, what does a star on top of the airfield symbol (depiction of the runways) mean?
There is a rotating airport beacon in operation from sunset to sunrise.
On a VFR sectional, what does a star next to a tower frequency mean?
That the tower operates part time.
On a VFR sectional, what is indicated by an airport where the runways are drawn in a bold line without a circle around it?
It indicates that the runway is a hard-surfaced runway greater than 8069’ long.
What is the difference between a straight-in approach and a straight-in landing?
A straight-in approach (IFR) is an instrument approach wherein the final approach is begun without first having executed a procedure turn.
A straight-in landing is a landing made on a runway aligned within 30 degrees of the final approach course following completion of an instrument approach.
What are the different segments of an instrument approach?
1) Initial Approach Segment
2) Intermediate Approach Segment
3) Final Approach Segment
4) Missed Approach Segment
What phrase would you use to communicate to ATC that your fuel supply is at a state that, upon reaching the destination, you can accept little or no delay. (It’s not an emergency, but could become an emergency if delays are encountered).
Minimum Fuel
If you are asked to Air Taxi, what airspeed/altitude is expected?
Generally at speeds greater than 20 knots and less than 100’ AGL. However, the pilot is solely responsible for selecting a safe altitude/airspeed for the operation.
If you are asked to Hover Taxi, what airspeed/altitude is expected?
Within ground effect and less than approximately 20 knots (actual height will vary).
If you are asked to taxi, and your aircraft has wheels, what is expected?
Taxi (without the preface of air or hover) is used to describe ground taxi for helicopters with wheels.
What is the normal “remain within” distance for a Copter approach?
5 NM
What is the maximum airspeed during a Copter approach?
90 KIAS
When will a diverse departure be authorized, and how would you execute it?
If the airport has at least one IAP, and there are not published departure procedures, a diverse departure can be flown. Fly runway heading until 400’ above runway elevation before executing any turns and maintain a 200’ ft/NM climb gradient (unless otherwise published).
If you are cleared for the option, what are you allowed to do?
Touch-and-go Low approach Missed approach Stop-and-go Full stop
If a course reversal is published on an IAP, when would it not be authorized?
“No PT” appears on the plate.
Radar vectoring is provided to the final approach course.
A holding pattern is published in lieu of a procedure turn.
A time approach is executed from a holding fix.
Otherwise directed by ATC.
During holding, how much should your wind correction be outbound compared to inbound?
You should multiply your inbound correction by 3 for an outbound correction.
If you receive clearance to leave the fix during holding, do you have to wait until you are back over the fix to depart holding?
Yes, you must depart from over the fix, unless ATC states “cleared from your present position.
When does outbound timing start during intersection holding?
Wings level on the outbound holding.
How is the abeam point determined when holding over a NAVAID?
VOR
By the first change of the TO/FROM flag or,
By observing the 90 degree radial from the VOR
NDB
By observing the 90 degree bearing to the NDB
During holding, when does the outbound timing begin?
Over or abeam the fix, whichever occurs later.
If you have lost commo during a GCA approach, what are the procedures?
1) Attempt to contact on another frequency
2) Squawk 7600
3) If you cannot proceed VMC, execute an IAP of your choosing
4) Maintain higher of last assigned altitude OR MSA until established on a segment of the approach
During a radar approach, when do you initiate lost commo?
If no transmissions for:
1 minute for vectoring prior to final approach
15 seconds on final for an ASR
5 seconds on final for a PAR
During lost commo, if you reach your clearance limit, and the clearance limit is where you approach begins, do you hold or execute the approach?
If you have received an EFC, and it has not passed, hold until EFC and then commence the approach.
If you have not received an EFC time, commence the approach according to your flight plan (as amended).
During lost commo, if you reach your clearance limit, and the clearance limit is NOT where your approach begins, do you hold or execute the approach?
If you have received an EFC, hold and leave the clearance limit at your EFC.
If you do not have an EFC, continue to the fix where the approach begins, hold until the ETA from your flight plan and then commence the approach.
During lost commo, what altitude should you fly?
The highest of:
1) Altitude last assigned
2) Altitude ATC told you can be expected
3) Minimum altitude for IFR operations (i.e. MEA, feeder route)
During lost commo, what route would you follow?
In the order below: 1) Route last assigned 2) Route ATC told you to be expected 3) Route filed in your flight plan Note: if being radar vectored, proceed direct to the fix being radar vectored to.
What are the 3 emergency transponder codes?
7500 - Hijacked (Seven-fife, man with a knife)
7600 - Lost Communications (Seven-six, commo nix)
7700 - Emergency (Seven-seven, going to heaven)
When not in radar contact, when should you report an updated estimate (of time)?
When it becomes apparent that an estimate previously submitted is in error in excess of three minutes.
Should you make a radio call FAF inbound?
If NOT in radar contact
What additional reports are required to be made to ATC or the FSS without a specific ATC request?
- Weather conditions which have not been forecast or hazardous conditions that have been forecast.
- Holding (time/altitude when reaching fix, and when departing a fix…not required for instrument training with military terminal facility with radar service).
- Altitude change
- Missed approach (include request)
- Safety of flight information
- Loss of nav/comm ability
- Unable to climb/descent 500 FPM
- TAS change of 5% or 10 knots from FP (whichever is greater
- VFR on top altitude change
What part of ATC instructions/clearances are required to be read back?
Ground - Runway assignments and hold short instructions
Air - Altitude assignment/restrictions, radar vectors, and altimeter settings when received from Approach Control.
At the completion of an IFR approach, when officially may you descend below the MDA or DH?
When you have one of the following in sight:
1) Approach lights
2) Runway threshold
3) Other marking (i.e. runway paint markings) identifiable with the approach end of the runway.
AND the aircraft is in a position from which a safe landing can be made.
If an IFR approach plate says “Dual VORs required” and you only have one VOR can you execute the approach?
Yes, dual VOR equipment requirements specified on approach charts do NOT apply to Army aircraft.
If, upon arrival at your destination, the weather is below approach weather minimums, can you do the approach anyway?
Yes, upon arrival at your destination, an approach may be initiated, regardless of ceiling and visibility.
What are the takeoff minimums if the aviator flying the aircraft on takeoff has less than 50 hours of actual weather time (for helicopters)?
100’ ceiling, 1/4 mi visibility or RVR of 1200’
