Regulation & Ownership

Question 1

Talk about Regulation of the Press.

Answer 1

Freedom of speech protects journalists from state control of the press (they can say whatever they want)

Question 2

State Censorship Boards

Answer 2

Each state regulated the content of movies

 - KKK movie outlawed
 - censorship of a lot of content in movies

Question 3

The Hays Production Code

Answer 3

Movie regulation

 - censored a lot of things
      - interracial marriage
      - nude scenes
      - adultery
 - during a time when women were emerging in different, exciting roles

Question 4

Rating System

Answer 4

G
PG
PG - 13
R
NC - 17

Question 5

Talk about Regulation of the Airwaves.

Answer 5

The commons - radio belongs to the public

FCC - Federal Communication Commission

Question 6

Telecommunications Act of 1934

Answer 6

Enabled the FCC

Question 7

Fairness Doctrine

Answer 7

• Broadcast important things for the public

- No Biases

Question 8

“Make available so far as possible, to all the people of the United States, without discrimination of the basis of race, color, religion, national origin or sex, rapid, efficient, Nation-wide and world-wide wire and radio communication services with adequate facilities as reasonable charges.”

Answer 8

FCC

Question 9

“The ether is a public medium and its use must be for a public benefit. The use of a radio channel is justified only if there i public benefit.”

Answer 9

Herbert Hoover

Question 10

Deregulation

Answer 10

• ended fairness doctrine
• is ending media diversity
• is promoting media consolidation

Question 11

Telecommunications Act in 1996

Answer 11

Promoted deregulation to allow “anyone to get into the communication business”
Media Cross Ownership

Question 12

Consolidation

Answer 12

Fewer individuals and organizations own mass media.

Question 13

Conglomoration

Answer 13

Company that owns multiple companies in mass media

Question 14

Oligopoly

Answer 14

A market dominated by a small number of sellers.

Question 15

Vertical Integration

Answer 15

• Owning businesses across industries (Harry Potter Franchise)
• Synergy - multiple elements interact to create something more than the product of each individual element

Question 16

Horizontal Integration

Answer 16

• Owning competitors within the same market (Viacom and Music Broadcasting Channels)
• Illusion of Choice

Question 17

1942 Local Radio Ownership Rule

Answer 17

Broadcaster cannot won television stations that reach more than 35% of the nation’s homes.

Question 18

1946 Dual television Network Rule

Answer 18

A major network cannot buy another major network.

Question 19

1970 Radio/TV Cross Ownership Restriction

Answer 19

Prohibits a broadcaster from owning a radio station and a television station in the same market.

Question 20

What are three impacts of media consolidation?

Answer 20

• Fewer Jobs for Media Workers
• More homogenization of content
• Less community-oriented programming
• Loss of local control over programming decisions
• Less independently-produced programming
• Increased censorship of divergent views
• Less political discussion
• Inadequate emergency/disaster warnings
• Fewer minority-owned broadcast stations
• Lack of meaningful competition and diversity

Question 21

Herbert Schiller

Answer 21

Marketing of the Culture Industry

 - start marketing at a young age (2 years olds)
 - Consolidation and Conglomeration
 - horizontal and vertical integration

Question 22

Michelle Hilmes

Answer 22

• Digital Divide
• Problems with Media Consolidation
  
  • concentration of media power and control in the hands of fewer owners
  • skewing of news and information to reflect corporate interests
  • reduced diversity of voices
  • driving out localism
  • decline in creativity and originality in programming

Question 23

Bill Meyers

Answer 23

Podcast

 - FCC and deregulation
 - minority radio station