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Physiology Block III > Regulation of Total Body Energy > Flashcards

Regulation of Total Body Energy Flashcards

1
Q

High plasma concentrations of cholesterol is called:

A

Atherosclerosis

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2
Q

What are 2 major sources of cholesterol?

A
  1. Dietary (animal)

2. Synthesis by cells

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3
Q

Which cells produce most of the cholesterol?

A

Cells in liver and GI tract

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4
Q

Some of the cholesterol is absorbed by the ________ and EXCRETED IN BILE.

A

Liver

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5
Q

Much of the cholesterol absorbed by the liver is metabolized into ________.

A

Bile salts

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6
Q

Synthesis of cholesterol in the liver is INHIBITED by:

A

HMG Co-A Reductase Inhibitors (statins)

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7
Q

Plasma cholesterol is transported in:

A

Lipoproteins

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8
Q

Cholesterol is important in the production of:

A

plasma membranes, bile salts, steroid hormones

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9
Q

What effect does dietary SATURATED fatty acids have on cholesterol levels?

A

INCREASE

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10
Q

What effects do UNSATURATED fatty acids have on cholesterol levels?

A

DECREASE

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11
Q

Which lipoprotein is responsible for the RECYCLING of cholesterol by bringing it back to the liver?

A

HDL

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12
Q

Which lipoproteins CARRIES cholesterol TO CELLs?

A

LDL

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13
Q

What ratio is the best indicator for heart disease?

A

LDL:HDL

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14
Q

Lipoprotein binding with receptors on PM initiates which process?

A

ENDOCYTOSIS into the liver cell

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15
Q

Once the lipoprotein is intracellular what Digests the LDL into free cholesterol?

A

Lysosomes

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16
Q

Free cholesterol is released back into the blood circulation where it is hopefully captured by what to be recycled?

A

HDL

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17
Q

What effect does CIGARETTE smoking have on HDL levels?

A

DECREASE

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18
Q

Weight reduction and exercise have what effect on HDL levels?

A

INCREASE

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19
Q

ESTROGEN has what effect on LDL and HDL levels?

A

DECREASE LDL, INCREASE HDL

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20
Q

PRE-menopausal women have a ________ cholesterol level than men and POST-menopausal women

A

LOWER

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21
Q

The enzyme in the liver that synthesizes cholesterol and is the target of STATINS

A

HMG-CoA

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22
Q

A calorie is the amount of ______ needed to raise 1 gram of _____ by _____ degree C.

A

Heat, Water, 1

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23
Q

What is a metabolic rate?

A

TOTAL ENERGY expenditure per unit time

24
Q

What is NEAT?

A

All the things we do ABOVE BMR w/o being actively engaged in exercise

25
Q

Who has a higher NEAT, lean or obese people?

A

LEAN

26
Q

What is also known as the “metabolic cost of living”?

A

BMR

27
Q

BMR (increases/decreases) with age:

A

DECREASES

28
Q

BMR is dependent on ______.

A

Amount of LEAN body mass.

29
Q

What is the SINGLE MOST IMPORTANT determinant of BMR?

A

Thyroid hormone

30
Q

TH increases O2 consumption and heat production of most body tissues (not brain) and is called the _____ Effect.

A

Calorigenic

31
Q

What are the effects of HYPERthyroidism?

A

INCREASE: of

  1. metabolic demands
  2. hunger and food intake
  3. net CATABOLISM of stores
  4. Weight LOSS
  5. demand of Vitamin cofactors
32
Q

Someone who’s flushed, sweating, and intolerant to warm environments is likely (hypo/hyper) thyroid?

A

HYPER

33
Q

What other hormone REQUIRES TH?

A

GROWTH HORMONE - if deficient see stunted growth in children

34
Q

What class of rectors REQUIRES TH?

A

Beta receptors of sympathetic NS

35
Q

Starvation is associated ______ TH production.

A

Decreased (good survival tactic)

36
Q

What else exhibits a CALORIGENIC effect?

A

Epinephrine

37
Q

What 2 tissue types have SYMPATHETIC receptors?

A

Muscle and Adipocytes

38
Q

Epinephrine has what effect on MR?

A

INCREASE (why we’re hotter during stress)

39
Q

What is the most variable component of ENERGY EXPENDITURE?

A

Physical Activity

40
Q

Do you spend more energy sleeping or sitting at a computer?

A

Sleeping

41
Q

What is the predominant constituent of activity thermogenesis?

A

NEAT

42
Q

What effect does FOOD INGESTION have on energy expenditure?

A

INCREASES, most of the heat produced is due to the processing of nutrients by liver (mostly protein, CHO and fat have less effect)

43
Q

What happens when intake EXCEEDS energy expenditure?

A

STORE MORE

44
Q

What happens in response to Increased STORAGE in the adipocytes?

A

Release LEPTIN to the HYPOTHALAMUS to reduce food intake

45
Q

How does leptin REDUCE FOOD INTAKE?

A

Inhibits the release of NPY at hypothalamus

46
Q

What effect does leptin have on MR?

A

STIMULATES

47
Q

What measures to conserve energy go into effect in a LONGTERM FAST?

A

DECREASE secretion of sex hormones & TH, INCREASE in adrenal corticosteroids

48
Q

The ______ of the Hypothalamus contain the hunger and satiety centers.

A

Arcuate Nucleus

49
Q

What is Ghrelin and where is it released?

A

Feedbacks to NPY in Hypothalamus to STIMULATE APPETITE. Syntheszied and released by the ENTEROENDOCRINE cells In FUNDUS of stomach.

50
Q

What else can Ghrelin stimulate?

A

Growth Hormone release

51
Q

The hypothalamus releases NPY in response to ______, to _______ appetite.

A

GREHLIN, INCREASE

52
Q

In an ABSORPTIVE state what effects does Leptin have on the 2 centers in the Arcuate nucleus of the HYPOT?

A

STIMULATES POMC C –> satiety, INHIBITS NPY –> decrease apetitie

53
Q

A drug that blocked the release of LEPTIN from adipose tissue would do what to body metabolism?

A

DECREASE

54
Q

A drug that blocked the release of NPY from hypothalamic neurons would do what to appetite?

A

DECREASE

55
Q

People with what fat distribution are at a greater risk of developing serious conditions such as diabetes and CVD?

A

Apple

56
Q

Adipose tissue in what areas are more adept at breaking down fat?

A

Abdomen

57
Q

What are causes of obesity?

A

Environment, Genetics, Intrauterine environment

Physiology Block III (8 decks)

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