Regulation of Lymphocyte responses

Question 1

What are the two types of allergic reaction?

Answer 1

Acute anaphylactic shock: IgE antibodies w/mast cells

Delayed type hypersensitivity: by T-cells

Question 2

What is Hypercytokinemia also known as?

Answer 2

Sepsis

Question 3

What is Hypercytokinemia?

Answer 3

Excess immune response in positive feedback loop, triggered by pathogens entering wrong compartment/blood (sepsis) or failure to regulate (cytokine storm) at a localised site

Question 4

What is AIRE?

Answer 4

AutoImmune REgulator: Cell-specific proteins wouldn’t be present in thymus, so specialised transcription factor allows for thymic expression of genes expressed in peripheral tissues, promoting self-tolerance; thymus produces ALL human proteins

Question 5

What is central tolerance?

Answer 5

Destruction of self-reactive T/B cells before entering circulation

Question 6

What is peripheral tolerance?

Answer 6

Destruction/control of self-reactive T/B cells after entering circulation

Question 7

What happens if there is a mutation in AIRE?

Answer 7

Multi-organ autoimmunity: Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy syndrome

Question 8

Why is regulation needed during pregnancy?

Answer 8

Foetus is a parasite with half of MHCs foreign, so immunosuppression so foetus isn’t killed.

Question 9

What happens if there is no costimulatory signal upon T-cell antigen contact?

Answer 9

Anergy: no response and T-cell shut down rather than activate