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BIOL2171 > Regulation Of Glucose Metabolism > Flashcards

Regulation Of Glucose Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

How does insulin affect glucose uptake in muscle

A

Increase

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2
Q

How does insulin affect gluconeogenesis

A

Decrease

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3
Q

How does insulin affect glycolysis in liver

A

Increase

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4
Q

How does insulin affect glycogen synthesis

A

Increase

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5
Q

How does insulin affect glycogen breakdown

A

Decrease

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6
Q

How does insulin affect fatty acid biosynthesis

A

Increase

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7
Q

How does insulin affect lipolysis

A

Decrease

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8
Q

How does glucagon affect glycogenolysis in muscle

A

No change

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9
Q

Definition of glycogenolysis

A

Breakdown of glycogen into glucose

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10
Q

Why is fructose considered to be nutritionally worse than glucose

A

It bypasses a major regulatory step of glucose metabolism in the liver by entering the reaction at the triose-phosphate stage. Easily gets converted into fat, leading to fatty liver disease.

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11
Q

What damaged is caused by glycosylated haemoglobin in blood?

A

Blood vessels get damaged, affecting pretty much every part of the body

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12
Q

Six major symptoms of glycosylated haemoglobin in blood

A

Retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, stroke, heart attack, peripheral vascular disease

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13
Q

What nutrients can the brain eat

A

Glucose, and in the case of starvation, ketone bodies

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14
Q

What nutrients can the liver eat

A

Everything

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15
Q

What nutrients can muscle eat

A

Glucose, fatty acids and ketone bodies

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16
Q

What nutrients can the digestive system eat (e.g. intestines)

A

Glutamine, ketone bodies and fatty acids

17
Q

What nutrients can the heart eat

A

Fatty acids, lactate, ketone bodies and glucose

18
Q

What nutrients can the kidney eat

A

Fatty acids, glutamine and glucose

19
Q

What happens in the liver during an advanced fasting state and diabetes?

A

Glucose is produced from numerous processes. From adipose, glycerol is turned into glucose, and fatty acids are made and turned into ketone bodies for the brain. Glucose is sent to blood. Lactate from blood converted into glucose. Protein broken down into AA. In muscle, protein turns into AA, which is turned into BCKA, which is turned into ketone bodies and glucose. Alanine from muscle also used for glucose production. Glutamine from muscle converted into alanine.

20
Q

Effect of first messenger in insulin signalling cascade

A

RTK receptor autophosphorylates

21
Q

What is the cause of insulin resistance

A

A faulty RTK receptor

22
Q

What does the RTK receptor do

A

Phosphorylated IRS1 (insulin receptor substrate 1) using an ATP in the process

23
Q

What does the effect of the RTK receptor have downstream (effect of the effect)?

A

Binds to protein kinase (PI3K), activating it. This allows it to phosphorylate PIP2 (phosphatidylinositol diphosphate) into PIP3 (phosphatidylinositol triphosphate), spending an ATP in the process.

24
Q

What is PIP3 and what happens when it accumulates

A

Lipid species found in membranes, with the specific role as a 2nd messenger. It attaches to inactive protein kinase b and attaches to phospholipid-dependent kinase 1. This activates protein kinase b and it is released from PIP3. This is the final sequence of the membrane-bound reactions.

25
Q

What are the two roles of protein kinase b related to insulin?

A

Phosphorylates glycogen synthase kinase 3 to inactivate it, and phosphorylates phosphodiesterase to activate it, thereby breaking down cAMP into AMP, leading to down-regulation of glycogen breakdown.

26
Q

What is the second messenger of the insulin signalling cascade?

A

PIP2

27
Q

How does adrenaline glycolysis in muscle affected

A

Increased

28
Q

How does adrenaline affect glyconeogenesis in muscle

A

Increased

29
Q

How does adrenaline affect glycogenolysis in liver

A

No response

30
Q

How does adrenaline affect gluconeogenesis

A

Decrease

31
Q

How does adrenaline affect glucose uptake in muscle

A

Increased

32
Q

How does adrenaline affect lipolysis

A

Increase

33
Q

How does adrenaline affect fatty acid biosynthesis

A

Decrease

BIOL2171 (14 decks)

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