Regulation by biological signalling

Question 1

What is physiology?

Answer 1

the close control of the flow and interplay of work and information

Question 2

What is pharmacology?

Answer 2

the study of molecular signallers regulating physiological processes

Question 3

Endocrine systems- major types of signalling molecules

Answer 3

Hydrophillic Amines- amino acid derivatives

hydrophillic peptides and proteins- short chain to many with receptors in plasma membrane

lipophillic- steriods derived from cholesterol intracellular receptors

Question 4

Paracrine signalling molecules

Answer 4

• signalling coupled from cell to cell
• released into extracellular environment
• induce changes in receptor cells- specific behaviour/ differentiation

example- neurotransmitters-

Question 5

Acetylcholine

Answer 5

acyetylcholine excitatory at end organ

Question 6

Monoamines

Answer 6

Adrenaline- excitatory
Noradrenaline- excitatory
Dopamine- both excitatory and inhibitory
serotonin- excitatory

Question 7

Amino acids

Answer 7

glutatmate- excitatory
glycine- mainly inhibitory
G-amino butyric acid - GABA inhibitory

Question 8

What happens when a signalling molecule binds with its target?

Answer 8

endogenous and exogenous signalling molecules bring about a change in functional status of target cells

function can can be to transform an earlier signal to produce another chemical or electrochemical signal- perfom and contribute to signal processing

direct the conversion between PE TO KE

Question 9

Endogenous signallers

Answer 9

optimal fit for the job

endogenous signallers are agonists- most are agonists- they put the receptor into a particular active site

Question 10

Exogenous signallers

Answer 10

engineered via human design to carry imposter signal

signal still carried although the fit may be sub-optimal

act as antagonists and partial agonists- block or attenuate biological signals

exogenous drugs can be manufactured version of endogenous drug

Question 11

R
I
T
E

Answer 11

drug targets mnemonic
receptors
ion channels
transporters
enzymes

Question 12

Receptors|: four drug target classes

KING

Answer 12

KING 
K- kinase linked receptors
I- Ion channels ligand gated
N- nuclear/ intracellular
G- G coupled receptors 

all receptors need ligand

Question 13

voltage gated Ion channels

Answer 13

ion channels enable selective flow of ion current down its electrochemical gradient
-activity dependant of change in electric firld density
-can be facilitated or inhibited by phosphorylation
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