regulate of genes

Question 1

where does DNA come from

Answer 1

comes from meiosis it’d replicated from the fertilesed egg all DNA contains the same genes

Question 2

how is protein and RNA levels maintained

Answer 2

-through a balance between synthesis and decay

Question 3

regulation through protein kinases

Answer 3

When protein kinases modulate gene expression, they do so primarily through the activation of transcription factors—proteins that bind to specific regions of DNA and control the transcription of genes. These transcription factors can either promote or inhibit the expression of genes, which, in turn, affects various cellular functions. The role of protein kinases in modulating gene expression is complex and tightly regulated. Here’s a more detailed look at how protein kinases influence gene expression:

Phosphorylation of Transcription Factors
Many transcription factors are regulated by phosphorylation, which is carried out by specific protein kinases. Phosphorylation can inhibit or activate transcription factors.

can block growth factor signalling can be used to treat cancer.

Question 4

how can cancer drugs act to black receptor activation

Answer 4

-use an antagonist which is a molecule that prevents activation of the receptor and could be similar to the ligand

• use an kinase inhibitor: a molecule that prevents the enzymatic activity of the receptor or downstream kinases, it could be similar to ATP.

Question 5

regulation of transcription (nuclear)

Answer 5

-main control mechanism of gene expression
-regulates the amount of pre-mRNA synthesised

Question 6

splicing (mainly nuclear)

Answer 6

-determines which parts of the pre-mRNA end up in the mRNA

-introns are spliced out and exons are kept

-Splicing is regulated by RNA binding proteins and small RNAs which bind to introns

Question 7

regulation of translation (cytoplasmic regulation)

Answer 7

-determines how much protein is made from a particular mRNA

Question 8

regulation on mRNA degradation

Answer 8

The regulation of mRNA degradation is a crucial aspect of gene expression control, as it helps determine how long an mRNA molecule remains in the cell and, consequently, how much protein is produced from it. In combination with transcription (the process by which mRNA is synthesized from DNA), mRNA degradation plays a key role in determining the steady-state levels of specific mRNAs and, ultimately, protein levels.

mRNA decay is also mediated by sequence specific RNA binding proteins or by basepairing with microRNAs

Question 9

Regulation of protein degradation

Answer 9

Determines how fast a protein is degraded, and therefore the protein level. can also undergo post translational modification

Question 10

mRNA specific translation regulation

Answer 10

is dependent on sequence specific RNA binding proteins or basepairing of microRNAs (miRNAs) being recruited to the mRNA