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Forensics > Regional Injuries > Flashcards

Regional Injuries Flashcards

1
Q

Most common type of penetrating chest wound

A
  • left sided anterior chest wall

- directed downward, medially and backwards

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2
Q

Possible effects of penetrating injury to lung and pleura

A
  • haemothorax
  • pneumothorax
  • anoxic anoxia (blood in bronchi and trachea)
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3
Q

Mechanism of injury in penetrating lung and pleura injury

A

Leverage of instrument on fulcrum of a rib during withdrawal may extend wound greatly

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4
Q

Complications of penetrating lung and pleural injury

A
  • infection with empyema or bronchopneumonia

- healing with pleural adhesions

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5
Q

Possible effects of penetrating injury to heart

A
  • haemopericardium
  • haemothorax
  • external haemorrhage
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6
Q

Causes of death in penetrating injury to heart

A
  • shock
  • haemorrhage
  • tamponade
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7
Q

Complications of penetrating heart injury

A
  • infection

- healing with adhesions and constrictive pericarditis

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8
Q

Large vessels at risk in penetrating injury to chest

A
  • superior VC
  • pulmonary artery
  • aorta
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9
Q

Potential result of penetrating injury to oesophagus

A

Fatal mediastinitis

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10
Q

Possible mechanisms of non-penetrating injury to the chest

A
  • rib fractures
  • stove-in chest
  • sternum fractures
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11
Q

How do lung lacerations occur in non-penetrating injury to chest?

A
  • fractured rib-ends

- falls or sudden accel/decel

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12
Q

Results/complciations of lung lacerations

A
  • haemothorax
  • pneumothorax
  • blood in tracheobronchial tree with asphyxia
  • interstitial emphysema
  • pulmonary infections
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13
Q

How do lung contusions happen?

A
  • direct violence
  • contre-coup injury (posterior surface)
  • pinching in phrenico-costal sinus
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14
Q

Types of lung injury in non-penetrating injury

A
  • laceration
  • contusion
  • tearing off of hilus and bronchi
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15
Q

Types of heart injury in non-penetrating injury

A
  • lacerations
  • rupture
  • contusion
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16
Q

How does rupture of the heart occur?

A
  • sudden compression of chest wall

- rapid increase of intra-cardiac pressure (falls/ vehicle over abdomen)

17
Q

How do contusions of the heart occur?

A
  • blow on chest
  • falls on projecting objects
  • compression in traffic accidents
18
Q

Types of large vessel injury (non-penetrating)

A
  • traumatic asphyxia

- rupture of aorta

19
Q

Complications of chest injuries

A
  • pneumothorax
  • haemothorax
  • chylothorax
  • interstitial emphysema
  • cardiac tamponade
20
Q

How much blood in cardiac tamponade usually causes death?

A

400-500ml

21
Q

Consequences of healing of immediately non-fatal injuries of the heart

A
  • occlusion of coronary arteries with infarction
  • myocardial fibrosis with cardiac aneurysm
  • disturbances of conduction system
  • pericarditis (constrictive)
22
Q

Non-penetrating injuries to abdominal wall

A
  • skin abrasions
  • bruises
  • haematoma in muscles
  • muscle rupture
23
Q

How do non-penetrating injuries to stomach and intestine occur?

A
  • compression
  • traction forces
  • disruption/bursting
24
Q

Types of non-penetrating injuries to the liver

A
  • transcapsular lacerations
  • subcapsular lacerations
  • central lacerations
25
Q

Types of non-penetrating injuries to the spleen

A
  • compression (transcapsular/subcapsular)

- traction ( haemorrhage)

26
Q

Complications of non-penetrating injury to pancreas

A
  • profuse haemorrhage

- traumatic pancreatitis

27
Q

Complications of abdominal injuries

A
  • shock
  • internal haemorrhage
  • peritonitis
  • paralytic ileus
28
Q

Complications of penetrating injury to kidneys and adrenal glands

A
  • haemorrhage
  • sepsis
  • damage to adrenal glands
29
Q

How to non-penetrating injuries to the kidneys occur?

A
  • direct blow to loin
  • crushing against lower ribs by forces transmitted through liver
  • fall from height
30
Q

Pathology seen in non-penetrating injuries to kidneys

A
  • contusions (transcapsular)
  • lacerations (subcapsular, transrenal)
  • tears of renal artery
  • rupture of adrenal gland
31
Q

Complications of penetrating injury to the bladder

A
  • haemorrhage

- extravasation of urine with pelvic cellulitis

32
Q

Causes of non-penetrating injury to bladder

A
  • direct blow to distended bladder

- fractured pelvis

33
Q

General effects of injuries to limbs

A
  • haemorrhage and shock
  • wound infection
  • pulmonary embolism
  • lower nephron necrosis
  • fat embolism
34
Q

Sources of embolic fat

A
  • bone marrow
  • plasma fat
  • depot fat
35
Q

Treatment of fat embolism

A
  • oxygen
  • hydrocortisone
  • dextran 40

Forensics (14 decks)

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